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LUMBERMAN'S 

AND s= 

LOGGER'S GUIDE 




FIRST 1919 EDITION 



Lumberman's and 
/. Logger's Guide /. 



Merits and Uses of 

Douglas Fir, California 
Redwood and the Leading 
Commercial Woods of 
» the Pacific Coast * 



LOG TABLES 

Log Scaling and Grading Rules 



THE METRIC SYSTEM 

Includes Conversion Tables and Inf ormatian Relative to Foreign 
Export Cargo Shipments 



■ 



TABLE OF DISTANCES 



= 



Rapid Methods of Computing Specifications, Contents J 
and Weight of Squared and Tapering Lumber 

Octagon Spars and Logs I 



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E 



§ 

From Pacific Coast Ports to Foreign Ports also Inland Waters of Puget Sound | 
Columbia River and British Columbia 

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1 



BERNARD BRERETON 

Author and Publisher | 

P. 0. Box 1158 Tacoma, Wash., U. S. A. 

PRICE ONE DOLLAR s2*^ I 

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COPYRIGHT 1919 

BY 

BERNARD BRERETON 



JAN 14 1919- - 

©CI.A509(*r2U 



y 



Press of 
COMMERCIAL BINDERY & PRINTING CO., Incorporated 
756-8 Commerce Street - Tacoma, Wash. 



'Vi-O I 



PREFACE 



The object of the author in presenting this book to the public is to 
furnish reliable data pertaining to the merits and uses of Douglas Fir, Cal- 
ifornia Redwood and Pacific Coast Forest Products. 

The various subjects treated will save the Lumberman and Logger many 
hours of research, as the numerous problems covered cannot be solved with- 
out the practical and technical knowledge that can only be gained by a long 
and varied experience in both the Lumber and Shipping industries. 

As Belgium, France Italy and Countries using the "Metric System" re- 
quire lumber and specifications to conform to their standard, the writer has 
specialized on this subject, so as to enable shipowners and lumbermen to 
successfully cater to this trade, which will increase to vast proportions if the 
demands of the Foreign buyer are satisfactorily complied with. 

Owing to the destruction of Railroads, Bridges, Docks and Buildings of 
every description in the European Countries, devastated as a result of the 
"Great war," enormous quantities of lumber and especially long timbers will 
be required for repair work and permanent constructional purposes. 

The eyes of the "World" will naturally turn to the Pacific Coast in quest 
of information relative to Douglas Fir, California Redwood and the methods 
of handling these shipments, and to those requiring this knowledge, the 
Lumberman's and Logger's Guide will furnish the answer. 

Shipowners, Captains and officers of vessels, or any one connected with 
the operation of cargo carriers, will appreciate the information regarding the 
system for computing the lumber carrying capacity of steamers also the 
Table of Distances which will enable the reader to ascertain the distance 
from the leading ports of the World to any Douglas Fir or Redwood Cargo 
Mill on the Pacific Coast. 

In the section of this book devoted to logs will be found the log tables in 
general use in British Columbia, Washington, Oregon and California, the 
methods for computing same, also the log grading rules and a special table 
computed by the author showing the actual or solid contents in board feet of 
logs ranging from six to forty-eight inches in diameter. 

To the Foreign or prospective lumber buyer who is desirous of obtaining 
reliable data concerning Douglas Fir or California Redwood, the information 
in this book can be absolutely relied upon as I have personally supervised 
the manufacture, inspection or shipment of upwards of fifty million board feet 
of Pacific Coast Lumber annually for a period of over twenty-five years. 

In conclusion, I wish to express my appreciation to the officials of The 
United States Forest Service, the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, 
the Lumber Trade Journals and my friends in the Lumber and Shipping In- 
dustries who have so courteously furnished me with much valuable material 
for this work. 

BERNARD BRERETON, 

Author and Publisher. 







DOUGLAS FIR 

(Tsug-a Taxifolia) 



DOUGLAS FIR 

'Pseudotsuga Taxifolia 

Douglas Fir, widely known as Oregon Pine, reaches its best development 
for commercial purposes on the Pacific Coast, from the head of the Skeena 
River, in British Columbia, and southward through the States of Washington 
and Oregon to Central California. 

The wood is comparatively light but very strong,; it is the strongest 
wood in the world for its weight that is obtainable in commercial sizes and 
quantities. 

With the exception of Spruce, Douglas Fir is in greater demand for 
Airplane construction than any other wood, and material of excellent quality 
for this purpose can be furnished in unlimited amounts. 

THE CORRECT NAME 

Douglas Fir is named after David Douglas, botanist, who explored British 
Columbia (then called New Caledonia) in 1825-30. It is the most important 
timber tree on the North American Continent, and is known by a great 
variety of names, such as Oregon Pine, Oregon Fir, Washington Fir, Yellow 
Fir, Red Fir, Douglas Spruce, Red Spruce, Puget Sound Pine, and British 
Columbia Pine. 

The employment of so large a number of names for one class of tree 
is very confusing, detrimental and often misleading, and for these reasons 
the United States Forest Service some years ago took a lumber census which 
resulted in their adopting the name Douglas Fir, as it was used more than 
all others combined. 

MERITS AND USES 

The stand of timber in Oregon and Washington alone, it is estimated, 
comprises 25% of the remaining stand of timber in the United States, and 
in British Columbia is estimated to comprise one-third 'of the total timber 
supply of Canada. It is considered the strongest softwood in the world. 
(See United States Forest Service Bulletin No. 108.) Douglas Fir is moder- 
ately hard but easy to work, straight grained, resilient, tough and durable. 



LUMBERMAN'S AND LOGGER'S GUIDE 



DOUGLAS FIR 

Merits and Uses - Continued 

Combining these qualities of great strength, light weight, ease of working 
and handling more than any other commercial timber, Douglas Fir is the 
ideal wood for practically all building and structural purposes. Owing to 
the great size of the trees Douglas Fir timber can be furnished in the largest 
dimensions required in modern heavy construction. As complying with quali- 
ties essential in a wood acceptable for general building purposes, Douglas 
Fir is practically impervious to water, holds nails firmly, takes stain well 
in any shade or color, and combines beauty, utility and durability. It is 
superior wood for bridge and wharf building, heavy joists where great 
strength is required, studding — in fact, all ordinary framing material, ship 
plank, ship decking, spars, derricks, car sills, car siding, car roofing, car 
lining, flooring, ceiling, silo stock, sash and doors, interior finish. The lower 
grades are also used in large quantities for under-ground mining purposes. 

The United States Forest Service Bulletin No. 88, says: "Douglas Fir 
may, perhaps, be considered the most important of American woods. * * * 
It is manufactured into every form of lumber known to the saw mill 
operator. For house construction Douglas Fir is manufactured into all 
forms of dimension stock, and is used particularly for general building and 
construction purposes. Its strength and comparative lightness fit it for 
joists, floor beams, rafters, and other timbers which must carry loads. 

"The comparative hardness of the wood fits it for flooring and it meets 
a large demand. Douglas Fir edge-grain flooring is considered superior to 
that made from any other softwood. 

"Clear lumber, sawed flat grain, shows pleasing figures, and the contrast 
between the spring and summer wood has been considered as attractive as 
the grain of quarter-sawn oak. It takes stain well, and by staining, the 
beauty of the grain may be more strongly brought out and a number of rare 
woods can be successfully imitated." 

The durability of the wood, and the fact that it resists saturation by 
water cause it to be used in large quantities for wooden piping, for continu- 
ous stave and jointed conduits used in power and irrigation works, for silos 
and tanks. It makes first-class railway ties, whether treated with preserva- 
tives or not. Street pavement of creosoted Douglas Fir blocks properly laid 
is noiseless, dustless, economical in upkeep, and is durable and long wearing 
even under heavy traffic such as that of freight and dock yards. The 
unusual valuable combination of qualities possessed by Douglas Fir adapt it 
to such a variety of uses that a complete list of them would cover nearly 
all the uses to which wood can be put. 



LUMBERMAN'S AND LOGGER'S GUIDE 



AVERAGE STRENGTH VALUES FOR STRUCTURAL TIMBERS 
Taken from U. S. Forest Service Bulletin 108 

GREEN 



m 

m 

l-H 

u 
H 


g 
o . 

° e " 


09 

to 

0) 

H 
<w 
O 

6 
Z 


ft 
w 

bCrf 

Co 


■ 

o c 

O C 
22 


u 
Q 

boa 

*S " 
»> w 

^5 


Fiber Stress at 
Elastic Limit, 
lbs., per 'sq. in. 


m 

o5 . 

3 *- . 
Stf ft 


o 

o . 

o G 
<»-i T ~ l "! 
m*-> w 

|3s 

3+j ft 

Ooiffi 


Relative Strength 
Based on Modulus 
of Rupture, Doug- 
las Fir, 100%. 


Relative Stiffness 
Based on Modulus 
of Elasticity, 
Douglas Fir, 100% 


Douglas 
Fir 


8x16 


134 


10.9 


1 31.8 


28.9 


4282 


6605 


1611 


100.0 


100.0 


Western 
Hemlock 


8x16 


27 


17.6 


41.9 


28.1 


3761 


5821 


1489 


88.1 


92.4 


Long- 
leaf 
Pine 


12x12 

10x16 

8x16 

6x16 

6x10 


13 


14.6 


29.2 


35.4 


3855 


6437 


1466 


97.4 


91.0 


Short- 
leaf 
Pine 


8x16 
8x14 
8x12 


33 


12.3 


1 
48.4 


31.4 


3376 


5948 


1546 


90.0 


96.0 


Loblolly 
Pine 


5x12 
8x16 


78 


6.2 


58.0 

1 


31.2 


1 3266 


5568 


1467 


84.4 


91.1 


Western 
Larch 


8x16 
8x12 


,., 


| 23.9 


50.5 


28.7 


3677 


5562 


1364 


84.2 


84.6 


Redwood 


8x16 
6x12 
7x9 


1 30 


19.5 


s 

1 90.2 


1 

| 23.3 

1 


\ 
4323 


5327 


1 
1202 


80.6 


74.6 



NOTE: — Care was taken in selecting Douglas Fir material to secure a large 
number of stringers of low grade. Douglas Fir contained more knots than its 
nearest competitor in strength. ' Even with this handicap it shows greater 
strength values than other species. 

AVERAGE STRENGTH VALUES FOR STRUCTURAL TIMBERS 



SPECIES 



Established by the U. S. Government 

Green Stringers 
Breaking Strength 
Lbs. 



sq. in. Percent 

Douglas Fir 6605 100.0 

Longleaf Pine 6437 97.4 

Shortleaf Pine 5948 90.0 

Western Hemlock 5821 88.1 

Loblolly Pine 5568 84.4 

Western Larch 5562 84.2 

Redwood 5327 80.6 

Tamarack 4984 75.5 

Norway Pine 3767 57.0 



Air-Seasoned 

Stringers 
Breaking Strength 
Lbs. 
sq. in. Percent 
7142 100.0 

5957 83.6 

7033 98.5 

7109 99.6 

6259 87.7 

6534 91.5 

4573 64.1 

5865 82.3 

5255 73.7 



Note that Douglas Fir is unequaled in strength by any other species. 
25 percent, lighter in weight than its nearest competitor 'in strength. 



It is 



LUMBERMAN'S AND LOGGER'S GUIDE 



WEIGHT OF FRESHLY SAWN DOUGLAS FIR 

1000 BOARD FEET EQUALS 3333 POUNDS 

To quickly ascertain the weight in pounds of "green" Douglas Fir: Add 
one cipher to the board feet, and divide by 3. 

Example: Find the weight in pounds of 672 board feet Douglas Fir. 
Process: 

672 X 10 equals 6720, divided by 3 equals 2240 pounds. 

3)6720 

2240 pounds 

The above is a very close estimate for all practical purposes, and has 
proved correct in thousands of instances. 

Lumber for export shipments can be reckoned at the rate of 1,000 board 
feet to iy 2 tons of 2240 pounds. 

Example: Find the weight in long tons of 120,000 board feet Douglas Fir. 

Operation 
120 x 1'% equals 180 long tons. 

KILN DRIED LUMBER 

Kiln dried lumber of one inch in thickness loses about one third of its 
weight in the process of drying. Weights of kiln dried rough and finished 
stock can be obtained from any Local Price List or by applying to the West 
Coast Lumber Manufacturers Association, Seattle, Wash., U. S. A. 

METRIC WEIGHT 

Weight of Douglas Fir in kilograms and metric tons is given in the Metric 
Section. 

SPECIFIC GRAVITY 

The weight of wood is sometimes expressed by a comparison of the weight 
of a given volume of wood with that of an equal volume of water, or by what 
is known as "specific gravity." If the specific gravity of a certain kind of 
wood is stated as .300, it means that a given volume of this wood weighs .300 
times as much as an equal volume of water. Since a cubic foot of water 
weighs 62.5 pounds, or 1000 ounces, a cubic foot of wood of specific gravity 
of .300 weighs .300 X 62.5=18.75 pounds. 

A cubic foot of green Douglas Fir whose specific gravity is .640, weighs 
.640 X 62 -5 — 40 pounds per cubic foot. Hence the weight per cubic foot of 
any kind of wood can be quickly ascertained when the specific gravity is 
known. 

The specific gravity of a body or substance divided by 16 will give the 
weight of a cubic foot of it in pounds. 

Example: The specific gravity of a cubic foot of green Douglas Fir 
is 640; what is the weight of it? 

Process: 

640 divided by 16 equals 40, the weight of a cubic foot in pounds. 
When the weight of a cubic foot of lumber is known, the specific gravity 
can be ascertained by multiplying the number of pounds by 16. 

Example: Find the specific gravity of Dry Redwood weighing 26 pounds 
per cubic foot. 

Process: 

26 X 16 equals 416, the specific gravity. 



LUMBERMAN'S AND LOGGER'S GUIDE 



LATH 

The standard for California and West Coast of South America is ^xl% 
in. — 4 ft, tied in bundles of 100 pieces. 

The Australian standard is as follows: 
%xl in. — 4% ft., tied in bundles of 90 pieces. 
%xl*4 in. — 4% ft, tied in bundles of 90 pieces. 
%xiy> in. — iY2 ft., tied in bundles of 90 pieces 

MEASUREMENTS, CONTENTS AND WEIGHTS 

%xiy 2 in.— 4 ft— 

1000 Pes. contain 166% ft. B. M. 

6000 Pes. equal 1000 ft. B. M. 

1000 Pes. Kiln Dried, weigh 500 lbs. 

1000 Pes. Green, weigh 700 lbs. 
y 3 xl in.— 4% ft— 

1000 Pes. contain 125 ft. B. M. 

8000 Pes. equal 1000 ft. B. M. 

1000 Pes. Kiln Dried, weigh 375 lbs. 

1000 Pes. Green, weigh 530 lbs. 

%xl^ in.— 4% ft— 

1000 Pes. contain 156% ft. B. M. 

6400 Pes. equal 1000 ft. B. M. 

1000 Pes. Kiln Dried, weigh 470 lbs. 

1000 Pes. Green, weigh 660 lbs. 
%xl% in.— 4% ft.— and 
%xiy 2 in.— 4 ft. 

1000 Pes. contain 187% ft. B. M. 

5333 Pes. equal 1000 ft. B. M. 

1000 Pes. Kiln Dried, weigh 560 lbs. 

1000 Pes. Green, weigh 800 lbs. 
When lath are made % of an inch in thickness, the contents and weight 
can be computed by adding to the measurements given in the preceding table 
Y 8 of the corresponding amount. 

1000 Pes. ^xiy. — 4 ft. lath will cover 70 yards of surface. 

FREIGHT 

When figuring lath of any of the foregoing sizes and length for cargo 
freight, the prevailing custom formerly was to reckon six pieces as being the 
equivalent of one foot board measure, but the correct way is to figure them 
at actual contents. 

TO FIND THE NUMBER OF 1>/ 2 -IN.X4-FT. LATH REQUIRED FOR A ROOM 

Find the number of square yards in the walls and ceiling and multiply by 
16, the number estimated to a square yard. The result will be the number of 
lath necessary to cover the room. 

At 16 lath to the square yard, 1,000 lath will cover 63 yards of surface, and 
11 pounds of lath nails will nail them on. 

STAVES 

ACCORDING TO EXPORT "H" LIST 

No. 1 Staves 1x4 in. x 4 ft Sawn full size clear. If seasoned will allow V% 
of an inch scant in width. 

No. 2 Staves 1x3 in. x 4 ft Will allow variations in size of V 8 of an inch 
i^i thickness and % of an inch in width. Sap and two sound hard knots not 
over % of an inch in diameter allowed. 

Weight same as pickets. See page 10. 



10 LUMBERMAN'S AND LOGGER'S GUIDE 



PICKETS ROUGH 

The standard size, 1x3 — 4 feet and 4 feet 6 inches long, are tied in bundles 
of 10 pieces each; they are in great demand for the Australian market, and 
are used for fences, and occasionally are sawn into inch lath; they are also 
extensively utilized as staves for mutton-tallow barrels. 

GRADE ACCORDING TO EXPORT "H" LIST 

Pickets 1x3 in. — 4 ft. — 4 ft. 6 in. — 5 ft. Will allow variations in size of % 
of an inch in thickness and % of an inch in width. Sap, pitch pockets, and two 
sound hard knots not over 1 inch in diameter allowed. 

MANUFACTURE 

Strict attention should be paid to their manufacture, and it is essential 
that they be uniform in thickness. They can be made from air or kiln dried 
stock and many mills rip 2x3 to i%6 of an inch to make them. 

In most cases pickets are subject to rigid inspection, and it is useless to 
make them from anything but the best material. 

DISCOLORATION 

Unless there are prospects of shipping pickets within a short time after 
they are manufactured, they should be piled on their edge in bundles, and 
crossed in alternate courses with an air space between each bundle of about 
4 inches. This prevents discoloration, and is the method employed by a num- 
ber of mills who aim to ship their stock in a satisfactory condition. 

MEASUREMENT, CONTENTS AND WEIGHT 

1000 pes. 1x3 — 4 feet contain 1000 feet Board Measure, and average 3500 
lbs. in weight. 

1000 pes. 1x3 — 4y 2 feet contain 1125 feet Board Measure, and average 4000 
lbs. in weight. 

The above weight is for green stock; when seasoned lumber is used, due 
allowance must be made for difference in material. 



CORD MEASURE 

Firewood, small pulp wood, and material cut into short sticks for excelsior, 
etc., is usually measured by the cord. A cord is 128 cubic feet of stacked wood. 
The wood is usually cut into 4-foot lengths, in which case a cord is a stack 4 
feet high and wide, and 8 feet long. Sometimes, however, pulp wood is cut 
5 feet long, and a stack of it 4 feet high, 5 feet wide and 8 feet long is con- 
sidered 1 cord. In this case the cord contains 160 cubic feet of stacked wood. 
Where firewood is cut in 5-foot lengths a cord is a stack 4 feet high and 6% 
feet long, and contains 130 cubic feet of stacked wood. Where it is desirable 
to use shorter lengths for special purposes, the sticks are often cut iy 2 , 2, or 
3 feet long. A stack of such wood, 4 feet high and 8 feet long, is considered 1 
cord, but the price is always made to conform to the shortness of the measure. 

A cord foot is one-eighth of a cord and equivalent to a stack of 4-foot 
wood 4 feet high and 1 foot wide. Farmers frequently speak of a foot of cord 
wood, meaning a cord foot. By the expression "surface foot" is meant the 
number of square feet measured on the side of a stack. 

In some localities, particularly in New England, cord wood is measured by 
means of calipers. Instead of stacking the wood and computing the cords in 
the ordinary way, the average diameter of each log is determined with calipers 
and the number of cords obtained by cosulting a table which gives the amount 
of wood in logs of different diameters and lengths. 



LUMBERMAN'S AND LOGGER'S GUIDE 11 



RELATION BETWEEN BOARD MEASURE, CUBIC MEASURE AND CORD 

MEASURE 

In order to determine the number of feet in a standard cord of stacked 
wood (4 feet x 4 feet x 8 feet), and also to ascertain the number of solid 
cubic feet of wood in a cord, the class in (forest mensuration of the Montana 
Forest School has just completed a study on this phase of the subject. A 
number of 16-foot softwood logs (Douglas fir, western larch and western 
yellow pine), averaging about 12 inches in diameter at the small end, were 
first scaled with Scribner Decimal "C" Rule. The logs were next cut into 
4-foot lengths and the number of cubic feet in each piece accurately determined. 
The 4-foot lengths were next split into the usually convenient cordwood 
stick and stacked into a pile 4 feet high and 8 feet long. The following 
were the results obtained: 

A standard cord (128 cubic feet) of stacked wood (Douglas fir, western 
larch, western yellow pine) contains: 

517 board feet (Scribner Dec. "C" Scale). 

963 board feet (62.7 percent) of actual wood. 

80.25 cubic feet of actual wood. 

37.3 percent of a stacked coard is air space. 

A similar study carried out by the forestry students of the University of 
Wisconsin (1914), in the university oak woodlot near Madison, Wis., gave 
73 cubic feet (57 percent) of actual wood per cord. This was nearly all red 
and black oak, and the 73 cubic feet represented the average for 23 cords of 
wood, used by the university as fuel. — R. R. Fenska, acting dean, University 
of Montana, Missoula, Mont. 

It is generally agreed that the conifers pile closer in cordwood than do 
the hardwoods and this explains the difference in the two sets of university 
figures referred to in the foregoing. 

METRICAL EQUIVALENT 

I Stere (Cubic Meter) equals 0.2759 of a cord. 

I Cord equals 3.624 Steres. 

Note: 1 Stere or cubic meter equals 35.314 cubic feet. 

AMOUNT OF PULP WOOD IN A CORD 

A cord of wood ordinarily yields about one ton of mechanical pulp or 
about one-half ton of chemical pulp. 

AMOUNT OF HEMLOCK BARK FOR TANNING PURPOSES IN A CORD 

Although the cord is used as a standard of measure for bark, it is usually 
sold by weight in order to avoid variation due to loose piling. 

Throughout the East 2,240 pounds are usually called a cord, although 
in some places 2,000 pounds are accepted. 

A long cord bf 2,240 pounds equals about 77 cubic feet, a short cord of 
2,000 pounds equals about 66^ cubic feet. 

It is highly important to keep Hemlock bark intended for tanning purposes 
well protected from the rain, for it leaches out easily and is soon ruined. 
For the same reason bark from logs which have been towed or driven is of 
little value. 

Salt water ruins it entirely. 



12 LUMBERMAN'S AND LOGGER'S GUIDE 



HOW WOOD PULP IS MADE 

Wood pulp is usually made by either one or two general processes, 
mechanical or chemical. In the mechanical process the wood, after being 
cut into suitable sizes and barked, is held against revolving grindstones in 
a stream of water and thus reduced to pulp. In the chemical process the 
barked wood is reduced to chips and cooked in large digesters with chemicals 
which destroy the cementing material of the fibers and leave practically pure 
cellulose. This is then washed and screened to render it suitable for paper- 
making. The chemicals ordinarily used are either bi-sulphite of lime or caustic 
soda. A little over half of the pulp manufactured is made by the soda process. 
Much of the mechanical pulp, or ground wood as it is commonly called, is 
used in the making of newspaper. It is never used alone in making white 
paper, but always mixed with some sulphite fiber to give the paper strength. 
A cord of wood ordinarily yields about one ton of mechanical pulp or about 
one-half ton of chemical pulp. 



BURNED OVER TIMBER FOR PULPWOOD 

It is a common error to regard burned over timber as being suitable for 
the manufacture of wood pulp. Young green timber gives the best results 
for this class of work, as dead wood breaks up when put through the process 
of manufacture. There is also a great waste on account of the charred 
surface of some parts of the timber, none of which must get into the pulp. 
If this should occur the whole batch would be valueless. 



LUMBERMAN'S AND LOGGER'S GUIDE 13 



HOW TO FIGURE LUMBER 

BOARD MEASURE 

Lumber is usually reckoned by Board Measures, the unit being a square 
foot one inch thick. 

Lumber less than one inch thick is usually figured as of one inch. 

The ordinary way of finding the contents of squared lumber is to multiply 
together the length in feet, the width and thickness in inches and divide the 
product by 12. 

Figuring lumber by the above rule is a slow process, and the following 
system is adopted by experts whose business makes rapid calculation essential 
to their success. 

Multiply together the thickness and width in inches, divide the product by 
12 and multiply result by the length; the answer is Board Measure contents. 

EXAMPLES 

A few examples will show the system for finding the contents of standard 
sizes in a few seconds, and many of them without a moment's hesitation. 
Example: Find the Board Measure contents of the following sizes: 

Pes. Size. Length. B.M. 

1 2x 8 inches 30 feet 40 

1 4x10 inches 18 feet 60 

1 10x10 inches 36 feet 300 

1 20x20 inches 60 feet 2000 

Operation 

2x8 equals 16 divided by 12 equals i% 2 or 1%- When this is multiplied by 
the length the answer is 40 feet; in other words, add one-third to the length 
and you have the Board Measure contents. 

Operation 

4x10 equals 40 divided by 12 equals Sy 3 ori%. In this instance a cipher is 
added to the length and when this is divided by three the result is 60 feet 
Board Measure contents. 

10x10 equals 100; this divided by 12 equals 8%, or 10 9i 2 - It is easier to* 
multiply by 100 and divide by 12 than to multiply by SV Z , therefore add two 
ciphers to the length and divide by 12; the result is 300 feet Board Measure 
contents. 

20x20 equals 400, divided by 12 equals 33 V 3 , or 100/3. All that is necessary 
is to add two ciphers to the length and divide by 3; the result is 2000 feet, 
Board Measure contents. 

After a short reflection on the above method, it will be apparent to every- 
one that when this system is used I have made good my statement that the 
contents of any ordinary stick of lumber can be figured inside of a few 
seconds. 

The following standard sizes and multiples for same will serve as a basis 
for practice, and when memorized will benefit those who wish to become 
rapid in figuring lumber, and at the same time may prove a stepping stone 
to a better position and successful career. 



14 



LUMBERMAN'S AND LOGGER'S GUIDE 



STANDARD SIZES AND MULTIPLES 

1x3 Divide lineal feet by 4. 

1x4 Divide lineal feet by 3. 

1 x 6 Divide lineal feet by 2 . 

1x8 Multiply lineal feet by 2 and divide by 3. 

1 xlO Multiply lineal feet by 10 and divide by 12. 

1 xl2 Lineal feet and Board Measure the same. 
2x3 Divide lineal feet by 2. 

2 x 4 Multiply lineal feet by 2 and divide by 3. 
2x8 Add to lineal feet Yz of amount. 

2 xlO Multiply lineal feet by 10 and divide by 6. 

2 xl2 Multiply lineal feet by 2. 

3x3 Multiply lineal feet by 3 and divide by 4. 

3x4 Lineal feet and Board Measure the same. 

3x6 Add to lineal feet V 2 the amount. 

3x8 Multiply lineal feet by 2. 

3 xlO Multiply lineal feet by 10 and divide by 4. 

3 xl2 Multiply lineal feet by 3. 
4x4 Add to lineal feet % of amount. 
4x6 Multiply lineal feet by 2. 

4x8 Multiply lineal feet by 3 and subtract Yz lineal feet from am«Mtt. 

4 xlO Multiply lineal feet by 10 and divide by 3. 
4 xl2 Multiply lineal feet by 4. 

8x8 Multiply lineal feet by 5y 3 . 

10x10 Multiply lineal feet by 100 and divide by 12. 

12x12 Multiply lineal feet by 12. 

14x14 Multiply lineal feet by 16 %. 

16x16 Multiply lineal feet by 2iy 3 . 

18x18 Multiply lineal feet by 27. 

20x20 Multiply lineal feet by 100 and divide by 3. 

22x22 Multiply lineal feet by 40%. 

24x24 Multiply lineal feet by 48. 



ANOTHER METHOD 

A handy method for computing Board Measure contents, preferred by a 
number of lumbermen, is as follows: 

For all 12 ft. lengths, multiply width by thickness. 
For all 14 ft. lengths, multiply width by thickness, and add Ye 
For all 16 ft. lengths, multiply width by thickness, and add % 
For all 18 ft. lengths, multiply width by thickness, and add Yz 
For all 20 ft. lengths, multiply width by thickness, and add % 
For all 22 ft. lengths, multiply width by thickness, and add % 
For all 24 ft. lengths, multiply width by thickness, and double 

Some objection may be taken to the use of % and %, but often by trans- 
position you can substitute Yq, Yz, or Y 2 , as in the following: 

Examples: 

10 pes. 1x18—22 changed to 10 pes. 1x22—18. 

16 pes. 1x22—20 changed to 20 pes. 1x22—16. 

In the first example, instead of multiplying 10x18 and adding % to the 
result, multiply 10x22 and add one-half to the result, which will give 330 ft. 
Board Measure. In the second item, instead of multiplying 16x22 and adding %, 
multiply 20x22 and add Yz, which gives 586% ft. Board Measure. 

•The above system is very handy, when figuring lumber from 12 to 24 feet 
in length, and also where odd widths and thicknesses frequently occur. 



LUMBERMAN'S AND LOGGER'S GUIDE 15 



MULTIPLICATION 

In computing contents of lumber it is often necessary to multiply by the 
figures from 13 to 19. A simple process is to multiply by the unit of the 
multiplier, set down the product under, and one place to the right of, and then 
add to the multiplicand. . 

Example: Multiply 238 by 15. 
238 
1190 



3570 Answer 
To multiply any number by 101 to 109. 
Example: Multiply 24356 by 103. 

24356 
73068 



2508668 Answer 

Multiply by the unit of the multiplier, placing the product two figures to 
the right as in above example. 

To multiply by 21-31-41-51-61-71-81-91. 

Set the product by the tens under the multiplicand in proper position and 
add, thus: 

Example: Multiply 76432 by 61. 

Operation: -^ 

76432x61 
458592 



4662352 
If ciphers occur between the two digits of the multiplier, the same method 
can be used by placing the figures in the correct position, thus: 
Example: Multiply 76432 by 6001. 
Operation: 

76432x6001 
458592 



458668432 

FRACTIONAL SIZES 

To find the Board Measure contents of lumber l 1 /* and \ x k inches in thick- 
ness, proceed as if the lumber were of one inch and to the amount obtained 
add one-quarter or one-half, as the case may be. 

To bring the lineal feet of fractional lumber to board measure when your 
time is limited, and you are not familiar with the correct multiple, multiply 
the lineal feet by the thickness, width and length and divide result by twelve. 

ADDITION OF FRACTIONS 

Find the sum of % and % 3 
39 40 

3 -f 5 == 79 

8 13 104 Answer 

Explanation: Multiply the denominator (8) of the first fraction by the 
numerator (5) of the second fraction, which gives 40. Next multiply the numer- 
ator (3) of the first fraction by the denominator (13) of the second fraction, 
which gives 39. Now unite these products (40+39=79), which gives the numer- 
ator of the answer. The denominator of the answer is the product of the 
denominators (8x13=104). 



16 LUMBERMAN'S AND LOGGER'S GUIDE 



MULTIPLICATION OF FRACTIONS 

When both the whole numbers are the same, and the sum of the fractions 
is a unit. 

Examples: 

Multiply 4%x4% Answer 20% 

Multiply 7%x7% Answer 56i% 4 

Multiply 9y 3 x9 2 / 3 Answer 90% 

Operation: 

4x4+4=20+ 1 /2X 1 / 2 =20i / 4 
7x7+7=56 + %X%=56 i%4 
9x9+9=90+y 3 x%=90 % 

When the whole numbers are alike and the fractions are one-half, such as 
l%xl%, 2%x2%, 12%xl2%, add one to one of the whole numbers, then multiply 
the whole numbers together and to the result add the multiplication of the 
halves, which always equals one-quarter. 

The following examples are self-explanatory: 
As Common Fractions: 

1%X l 1 ^ equals lx 2 plus % or 2% Answer 

2V 2 X 2% equals 2x 3 plus % or 6% Answer. 

3%X 31 /2 equals 3x 4 plus % or 12% Answer. 

12% X 12% equals 12x 13 plus % or 156% Answer. 

109% x 109% equals 109 X HO plus % or 11990% Answer. 

AS DECIMAL FRACTIONS 

1.5x 1.5 equals lx 2 plus 25/100 or 2.25 

2.5X 2.5 equals 2x 3 plus 25/100 or 6.25 

3.5x 3.5 equals 3x 4 plus 25/100 or 12.25 

12.5X 12.5 equals 12x 13 plus 25/100 or 156.25 

109.5x109.5 equals 109x110 plus 25/100 or 11990.25 

MULTIPLICATION OF MIXED NUMBERS 

Multiply 46% by 21%. 
Operation: 

322) 46% 
42) 217/ 



1Q202%4 

Explanation: Find the product of the whole numbers (966) and to the 
right put down the product of the numerators of the fractions (2x7=14). Now 
multiply the numerator (7) of the lower fraction by the upper whole number 
(46), which gives 322. Write this on the left of the upper number. Now 
divide the product thus obtained by the denominator (8) of the lower fraction, 
which gives 40 and a remainder of 2. Write the 40 in the whole number 
column and the remainder (2) we multiply by the upper denominator (3), 
which gives a product of 6 and is written under 14 in the fraction column. 

Now multiply the lower whole number (21) by the numerator (2) of the 
upper fraction, which gives 42. Write it on the left. Now divide 42 by the 
denominator (3) of the upper fraction, which gives 14 and no remainder. Write 
a cipher in the fraction column. Now add the partial product and the product 
is complete. In cases where the partial products of the fractions amount to 
more than 1, carry the excess to the whole num(bers. 



LUMBERMAN'S AND LOGGER'S GUIDE 



DIVISION OF MIXED NUMBERS 

Divide 46% by 7. 

Operation: 

7)46% 

Explanation: In cases where the divisor is a whole number, the foregoing 
example does away with the usual method of reducing dividend and divisor to 
the same denomination. 

Proceed as follows: 7 is contained 6 times in 46, with a remainder of 
4. Write down 6 to produce the fraction of the quotient we multiply the 
remainder (4) by the denominator (8), which gives 32; to this is added the 
numerator (5) and we have the 37, the numerator of the quotient. 

The product of the divisor by the denominator is the denominator (56) 
of the answer. 



SHORT RULES 

3-inch Plank: One-half the width multiplied by half the length, gives 
the Board Measure contents. 

12-foot Lengths: The Board Measure contents of any piece of lumber 
12 feet long is equal to the thickness and width multiplied together. 

Lumber 6 inches in Thickness: Half the width multiplied by the length 
gives the Board Measure contents. 

To find Board Measure contents of 4x8in. multiply lineal feet by 2 
and add one-third to the product. 

Example: How many feet board measure are there in a piece of 4x8-in. 
30 feet long? 

Operation: 

30 
Multiplied by 2 

60 
% of 60=20 

80 ft. B. M. Answer. 

To find board measure contents of 8x8in. divide lineal feet by 2, add 
one cipher to the result and to this amount add one-third of the lineal feet. 
This system requires no mental effort in even lengths up to 26 feet long. 

Example: Find board measure contents of 1 piece 8x8in— 18 and 
26 ft. long respectively. 

Operation: 

18 divided by 2 equals 9. 
18 divided by 3 equals 6. 

Place the 6 to the right of 9 and you have the answer, 96 ft. B. M. 
26 divided by 2 equals 13. 
26 divided by 3 equals 8%. 

Place the 8% to the right of 13 and you have the answer, 138% ft. B. M. 



18 



LUMBERMAN'S AND LOGGER'S GUIDE 



To Convert Board Measure to Lineal Feet, simply reverse the multiple 
used to bring lineal feet to Board Measure; in other words, multiply Board feet 
by 12 and divide by thickness and width. 

Example: How many lineal feet are there in 1000 feet Board Measure 
of 2x8? 

Process: 

1000 
12 



2) 12000 

8) 6000 

750 lneal feet.. Answer. 
Car orders frequently call for a specified amount of sizes containing 
special lengths. Before proceeding to load, it is necessary to find the number 
of pieces required. 

Find the number of pieces in the following order: 
1000 ft. B. M. 2x4-14. 
1000 ft. B. M. 2x4-16. 
1000 ft. B. M. 2x4-20. 
Bring the Board Measure to lineal feet as shown in previous example, 
then divide the length into lineal feet. The result will be the number of pieces. 
Process: 

1000 
12 



2) 12000 

4) 6000 

1500 lineal feet. 
The lineal feet given is now divided by the respective lengths and the 
following answer is obtained: 

107 Pes. 2x4—14 containing 998 ft. 8 in. B. M. 
94 Pes. 2x4—16 containing 1002 ft. 8 in. B. M. 
75 Pes. 2x4—20 containing 1000 ft. B. M. 



276 



3001 ft. 4 in. B. M. 



FIGURING 
SQUARE 
TIMBERS 



This method of computing the Board Measure contents of square or rec- 
tangular timbers that exceed 12 inches one or both ways, is known to but very 
few, if any, lumbermen. It is a rapid way of figuring the majority of sizes, 
and on account of its simplicity the system is easily committed to memory. 



LUMBERMAN'S AND LOGGER'S GUIDE 



19 



FIGURING 

RECTANGULAR 

TIMBERS 



Rule: Multiply length by width, and to the result add one-twelfth of the 
thickness for each inch that exceeds twelve. 

Example: Find the Board Measure contents of a timber 13-in x 17-in. — 
48 feet long. 



Operation: 



48 
336 



48 multiplied by 17 equals 816 
816 divided by 12 equals 68 

844 Ans. in B. M. Contents. 

Explanation: Multiply the length (48 ft.) by the width (17in.), wkich 
•qualg 816. Now as the thickness (13) exceeds 12 inches by one inch, con- 
sider this as one-twelfth, which is divided into 816 and equals 68. This amount 
is added to the 816 and the result is 884 ft. Board Measure contents. 

The following multiples will be of assistance to those who wish to practice 
this system of finding Board Measure contents of timbers by the preceding rule. 



12x13 
13x14 
14x14 
14x15 
15x15 
15x16 
16x16 
16x17 
16x18 
18x18 
24x24 
26x26 
28x28 
50x30 
36x36 



Multiply 
Multiply 
Multiply 
Multiply 
Multiply 
Multiply 
Multiply 
Multiply 
Multiply 
Multiply 
Multiply 
Multiply 
Multiply 
Multiply 
Multiply 



length 
length 
length 
length 
length 
length 
length 
length 
length 
length 
length 
length 
length 
length 
length 



by 13 
by 14 and 
by 14 and 
by 15 and 
by 15 and 
by 16 and 
by 16 and 
by 17 and 
by 18 and 
by 18 and 
by 24 and 
by 26 and 
by 28 and 
by 30 and 
by 36 and 



add i/i 2 of 
add V 6 of 
add V 6 of 
add % of 
add % of 
add % of 
add % of 
add % of 
add y 2 of 
2 

2y 6 
2y 3 
2y 2 

3 



result 
result 
result 
result 
result 
result 
result 
result 
result 



20 



LUMBERMAN'S AND LOGGER'S GUIDE 



TAPERING LUMBER 

How to Figure Trapezoids, or Boards With Only Two Parallel Sides 

Find the Board Measure contents of a board one inch thick, whose parallel 
sides are 16 feet and 20 feet in length and 8 inches wide. 




Add together the two parrellel sides, and divide their sum by 2, multiply 
the result by the inches in width and divide by 12. The answer is 12 feet 
Board Measure contents. 



Operation: 



16 

20 

2) 36 

18 
8 

12)144 

12 ft. Board Measure. 

Find the Board Measure contents of a board one inch thick, 24 feet long 
whose parallel ends are 10 inches and 18 inches respectively. 




Operation: 



10 
18 

2) 28 

14 

24 

12)336 



28 ft. Board Measure. 



LUMBERMAN'S AND LOGGER'S GUIDE 



21 



HOW TO FIGURE THE FRUSTUM OF A PYRAMID, OR TAPERING 

TIMBER 

As it frequently occurs there is a difference of opinion as to the correct 
way of ascertaining the Board Measure contents of tapering timber, the fol- 
lowing method is both simple and correct, and will enable anyone to figure 
the exact contents without diving into square root. 

Find the contents of a timber 40 feet high, 12x12 inches at the bottom and 
6x6 inches at the top. 




Square both ends separately, then multiply the top by the bottom side, 
add the sum together, and multiply this by the height and in all cases divide 
by 36. 



Operation: 

12x12 
6x 6 
6x12 


144 bottom 

36 top 

72 top and bottom 


252 
40 ft. high 


36) 


10080 ( 280 ft. B. M— Ans 
72 

288 
288 



The common error that would be made in figuring a timber of this dimen- 
sion would be to call it 9x9 the supposed size at the middle; the contents in 
that case would be 270 feet, or a difference of 10 feet. This is an important 
item that should be taken into consideration when figuring on contracts or 
freight. 

I will now prove the method I use is correct by figuring a square timber 
on the same principal as a tapering stick. 

Find the Board Measure contents of a timber 12 inches square and 40 
feet long. 



Operation: 



12x12 
12x12 
12x12 



144 bottom 

144 top 

144 top and bottom 



432 
40 ft. long. 



36) 17280 (480 ft. B. M. contents. 
144 



288 
288 



22 LUMBERMAN'S AND LOGGER'S GUIDE 



CONTENTS BY PROGRESSIVE ADDITION 

This rule is of great advantage when there is a range of odd and even 
lengths. 

Example 1: Find the number of lineal feet in the following: 
Ft. Long. Pieces. Lin. Ft. 

10 480 

11 8 48 

12 6 40 

13 4 34 

14 7 30 

15 23 23 

48 655 

Explanation : First put down the pieces of the longest length (23 Pes.) 
to this, add the pieces of the next longest length (7 Pes.), which makes 30, put 
this down over the 23; now add to this the next number of pieces (4), which 
makes 34; add the next number (6), which makes 40; to this add the 8, which 
makes 48. The last item, in this case 48, if correct, will correspond with the 
total number of pieces. 

This number (48) is multiplied by the shortest length, minus one, which 
in this case is ten. Now 48x10 equals 480; add this amount to the figures 
already obtained and the grand total is the number of lineal feet (655), not 
board feet. 

When there are missing lengths repeat the number of pieces as shown 
by the following example: 



Example 2: 










Ft. Long. 


Pieces. 


Lin. Ft. 




12 





924 




13 


15 


77 




14 





62 




15 


19 


62 




16 





43 




17 


43 


43 



77 1211 

Explanation: In the foregoing example there are no pieces 14 or 16 feet 
long, so the amounts are repeated when there is a blank length. As in Example 
No. 1, the total pieces are multiplied by the shortest length, minus one. In 
this instance the 77 pieces are multiplied by 12, which gives 924, and the total 
addition shows 1211, the lineal feet. 

FOR EVEN LENGTHS ONLY 
Find the number of lineal feet in the following: 
Ft. Long. Pieces. Lin. Ft. 
12 46 287 

14 54 241 

16 62 187 

18 58 125 

20 67 67 

287 907 



4684 
Explanation: This system is the same as the preceding examples, with 
the exception that the addition (907) is repeated or doubled, and to this is 
added the number of pieces (287) multiplied by the next shortest even length 
(10) These items are now added together and the result shows the lineal 
feet (4684). 



LUMBERMAN'S AND LOGGER'S GUIDE 23 



CARGO SPECIFICATIONS 

As there does not seem to be any fixed rule for making up specifications 
in a uniform manner, reference to this subiect will not be out of place. Some 
mills adopt the system of making all Domestic and Foreign Export Specifica- 
tions out in feet Board Measure for each size and length, while others make 
out their specifications in lineal feet for each length and then add up their 
total and bring same to Board Measure. 

The latter system of making out the extensions in lineal feet should be 
universally adopted, as everyone who is familiar with this class of work knows 
that a specification with the extensions in lineal feet, and showing the totals 
in Board Measure, can be finished in a quarter the time of a specification that 
shows the feet Board Measure for each length. 

Steam schooners often arrive at San Francisco before the cargo manifest 
reaches consignee; this inconvenience and delay could often be avoided by 
the time gained in making up specifications with the extensions in lineal feet 
instead of Board Measure. 

Foreign buyers, especially in the British trade, use the lineal measure more 
extensively than any other, and when they receive specifications in feet Board 
Measure they, are put to the unnecessary inconvenience of converting them 
to lineal feet to correspond with their tables and price lists. 

SHORT METHOD OF FIGURING SPECIFICATIONS 

A very easy and short method of obtaining the Board Measure contents 
of each size and length, when required, is to halve the length and double the 
thickness. Simple as this rule seems, it is unknown to many experts. 

Example: Find the Board Measure contents of each length in the follow- 
ing size: 



eces. 


Size. 


Length. 


B. M. 

Feet 


53 ... 


. . . 2x10 


12 


1060 


42 . .. 


... 2 x 10 


14 


980 


36 ... 


... 2 x 10 


16 


960 


48 ... 


... 2x10 


10 


1440 


36 ... 


... 2x10 


20 


1200 


30 ... 


.. . 2x10 


22 


1100 


12 ... 


... 2x10 


24 


480 



257 7220 

In the above example, instead of saying twelve times fifty-three, halve 
the length and say six times fifty-three is three hundred and eighteen (318); 
now by doubling the thickness, we have the equal of 4x10 stead of 2x10; there- 
fore, by adding a cipher to the 318 and dividing ^>y 3, we have the Board 
Measure contents of the first length. The same rule applies to the remainder 
of lengths. 

When it is only necessary to find the total feet Board Measure in a size 
containing a range of lengths, halve the lengths or pieces, and multiply the 
total result by the multiple of double the thickness of the size. 

Example: Find the total feet Board Measure contained in the following: 



Pieces. 


Size. 


Length 


Contents 


224 ... 


... 3x6 


16 


1792 


112 ... 


... 3x6 


18 


1008 


568 ... 


... 3x6 


20 


5680 


45 ... 


... 3x6 


22 


495 


120 ... 


... 3x6 


24 


1440 


1069 






10415 
3 



Feet B. M. 31245 



24 LUMBERMAN'S AND LOGGER'S GUIDE 



HOW TO DECREASE OR INCREASE ORDERS 

The method of decreasing or increasing orders will now be explained. 
Reduce the following order by 44,000 feet Board Measure: 

240,000 feet 12x12—40 to 60 

280,000 feet 14x14—40 to 60 

420,000 feet 16x16—40 to 60 

160,000 feet 18x18—40 to 60 



1,100,000 
The first step necessary is to find the required percentage to reduce order 
in proportion. This is done by adding two ciphers to the amount that the 
order is to be reduced by and dividing the result by the amount of order. In 
this case it is 4 per cent. Each item must now be reduced separately by the 
percentage obtained, as follows: 

Original Reduced 

Amt. of Decrease. Order. Order. 

9,600 ft. or 4% from 240,000 ft. leaves 230,400 

11,200 ft. or 4> from 280,000 ft. leaves 268,800 

16,800 ft. or 4% from 420,000 ft. leaves 403,200 

6,400 ft. or 4% from 160,000 ft. leaves 153,600 - 



44,000 1,100,000 1,056,000 

If the above order of 1,100,000 feet had to be increased by 44,000 feet, 
4% would be added to each item, and the total would show the amount of order 
when increased. 

FIGURING PERCENTAGES 

Cargo orders for California usually call for stipulated percentages of Nos. 
1 and 2 in the merchantable grades and clear and select in the uppers. 

During progress of loading, it is essential to keep posted on the proportion 
of the percentage so as to avoid over-running or falling short on a grade. 

Presume an order calls for 800,000 feet Nos. 1 and 2 Mcht, 25% No.2 al- 
lowed, and in figuing up to see how your percentage is, you find your order 
stands thus: 

306,600 ft. No. 1 
1jl3,400 ft. No. 2 



420,000 ft. Total on board. 
The following is the way to find your percentage: 

Cut off the two right hand figures in your total (420,000) and divide the 
remaining amount (4200) into the Nos. 1 and 2 respectively. If your answer 
is correct your combined percentages will add to 100. 
Operation: 

No. 1 Mcht. - No. 2 Mcht. 

4200)306600(73% 4200)113400(27% 

29400 8400 



12600 29400 

12600 29400 



Amount of Percentage 

306,600 No. 1 or 73% of 420,000 
113,400 No. 2 or 27% of 420,000 



420,000 Total 100% 
As your No. 2 in this instance exceeds the 25 % allowed, notify the proper 
authorities of the fact, so that arrangements can be made to bring grade up 
to the required percentage. 



LUMBERMAN'S AND LOGGER'S GUIDE 25 



STANDARDS 

The "St. Petersburg Standard" is used in Great Britain, almost to the entire 
exclusion of all other standards. 

The wholesale trade as a rule sells boards, battens, deals, planks, etc., by 
the Standard. 

The Standard (St. Petersburg) deal contains 1 piece 3x11 — 6 feet and 120 
pieces of this dimension make one Standard. 

COMPOSITION OF STANDARDS 

Pes. Size. Length. B. M Cu. Ft. 

Inches. Feet. Contents. 

St. Petersburg 120 iy>xll 12 1980 165 

Irish or London ..120 3x9 12 3240 270 

Christiana 120 l%x 9 11 1237y 2 103% 

Drammen 120 2V 2 x 6y 2 V 1462V 2 121% 

Quebec 100 2y 2 xll 12 2750 229% 

The Drontheim Standard varies for different kinds of lumber. It contains: 

2376 feet B. M. of Sawn Deals. 

2160 feet B. M. of Square Timber. 

1728 feet B. M. of Round Timber. 

The Wyburg Standard contains: 

2160 feet B. M. of Sawn Deals. 

1963% feet B. M. of Square Timber. 

1560 feet B. M. of Round Timber. 

100 St. Petersburg Stadard Deals equal 60 Quebec Deals. 

The Riga "Last" contains 960 feet B. M. of Sawn Deals or Square Timber. 

A Cubic Fathom of Lathwood is 6 ft. x 6 ft. and contains 216 cubic feet 
or 2592 feet B. M. 

A Gross Hundred (120) pieces) makes a Standard Hundred. 
FIGURING OF STANDARDS 

Bring the following specification to Standard Measurement: 

24 Pieces %x5y 2 24 

20 Pieces 1 x6 16 

20 Pieces 1 xl2 20 

40 Pieces 2 xlO 24 

10 Pieces 2 xl2 22 

Reduce each item as follows by multiplying the number of Pieces and all 
their dimensions together. 

24x%x5y 2 x24 20x1x6—16 20x1x12—20 

% 1 1 

18 20 20 

5y 2 6 12 

99 120 240 

24 16 20 

2376 1920 4800 

When the products are obtained, then add together the totad number of 
inches as shown in the specification below, which totals: 
24 Pieces %x5V 2 24— 2376 inches. 
20 Pieces 1x6 16— 1920 inches. 
20 Pieces 1x12 20 — 4800 inches. 
40 Pieces 2x10 24 — 19200 inches. 
10 Pieces 2x12 22 — 5280 inches. , 



33576 inches. 



26 LUMBERMAN'S AND LOGGER'S GUIDE 



Always divide the total (in this instance 33576) by the following figures, 
which are standing divisors and never vary; thus: 
11)33576 



18)3052 



30)169i% 8 

4) 5.19i% 8 Std. Quarters. Deals. Parts. 



equal 


1 


square 


equal 


1 


hundred 


equal 


1 


load 


equal 


1 


load 


equal 


1 


load 


equal 


1 


fathom 


equal 


1 


stack 


equal 


1 


cord 



1.1.19 i% 8 equals, 1 1 19 i% 8 

FREIGHT MEASUREMENT OF TIMBER AS USED IN ENGLAND 

A St. Petersburg Standard Hundred contains 120 pieces of 12 feet X !% 
inches X H inches=165 cubic feet, or 1,980 superficial feet of 1 inch. 

Deals, battens, scantings, rough boa'rds, and sawn pitch pine timber, pay 
freight per St. Petersburg Standard Hundred. 

Planed boards pay freight on actual measure when dressed, not by the 
specification of nominal sizes from which they are manufactured. 

Squared timber pays freight per load of 50 cubic feet, Queen's calliper 
measure delivered. 

Mahogany and cedar from Cuba pay freight per load of 50 cubic feet, 
Queen's calliper measure, the captain paying the measuring charge. 

Most furniture woods pay freight per ton weight delivered. 

1 shipping ton equals 42 cubic feet of Timbers. 

100 Superficial feet of planking 

120 Deals 
50 Cubic feet of squared timbers 
40 Cubic feet of unhewn timbers 

600 Superficial feet of inch boards 

216 Cubic feet of lathwood 

108 Cubic feet of wood 

128 Cubic feet of wood 

Timber at 50 cube feet to one ton. 

Pitchpine, Spruce, Whitewood, Redwood, Elm, Walnut, Maple, Pine, Baltic, 
Dantzig, Riga, and Memel Fir Timber are computed as weighing 50 cubic feet 
to the ton. 

Timber at 40 cube feet to one ton 

Birch, Oak, Ash, Elm, Mahogany, Teak, Beech, Green Heart, Hickory, and 
Round Timber generally are computed as weighing 40 cubic feet to the ton. 

TO FIGURE CAPACITY OF FREIGHT CARS 

LUMBER 

To find the amount of Rough Green Lumber any car will carry, cut off 
a cipher from the marked capacity in pounds, add 10 per cent, and multiply 
by 3; the result will be the limit of feet Board Measure the car is allowed to 
carry. 

Example: What is the limit in feet Board Measure allowed a car of 
80,000 pounds capacity? * 

8000 pounds. 
800 10 per cent. 

8800x3 equals 26,400 ft. Board Measure. — Answer. 

SHINGLES 

To find approximate number of 16-inch Shingles that can be loaded in a 
box car. 

Ascertain cubical capacity of the car, and to the number of cubic feet 
add two ciphers; the result will bfe the number of Shingles. 

When loading Shingles or Lumber in furniture cars, precautions should 
be taken against exceeding the weight limit. 



LUMBERMAN'S AND LOGGER'S GUIDE 27 



OCTAGON SPARS 

As the custom is now becoming general to order Octagon Spars, both Sawn 
and Hewn, the information on this subject will be appreciated by those who make 
a specialty of this line. 

An Octagon can be made out of a Square timber by the following rule: 

From diagonal deduct one side of timber, and that will give one side of the 
Octagon. 

To find the length of the side of the triangle to be taken off the corner of 
the timber at right angles to the diagonal, deduct half the diagonal from one side 
of the timber. 

One side of a square timber dividid by .707 gives the diagonal. 
Example: 

Find the length of one side of an Octagon that can be made out of a timber 
35 inches square. 

Diagonal of 35x35=49.50 inches. 

One side of 35x35=35.00 inches. 



One side of Octagon=14.50 inches. 

Example : 

What is the length of the side of a triangle to be taken off the corner of a 
timber 35 inches square to make an Octagon? 

Process: 

2)49.50 Dagonal 



24.75 Half the Diagonal. 
35.00 Inches one side of timber. 
24.75 Inches, half the diagonal. 



10.25 Inches length of one side of triangle. 

To find one side of an Octagon inscribed in a circle, multiply diameter by 
.38265. 

To find area of an Octagon multiply square of side by 4.82843. 

When one side of a square is given, to find one side of an Octagon, that can 
be made out of it — multiply one side of square by .41421. 

"When one side of an Octagon is given, to find the diameter of the circumscribed 
circle, multiplv one side of the Octagon bv 2.613. 

TO COMPUTE THE BOARD PEET CONTENTS OP AN OCTAGON 

To compute the board feet contents of an octagon multiply the square of one 
side of the Octagon by 4.82843; then multiply the result by the length and divide 
by 12. 

Example : 

Find the board feet contents of an Octagon, one side of which is 4 inches and 
the length 60 feet. 
Process : 

4.82843 decimal term 

Multiplied by 16 the square of 4 

77 25488 
Multiplied by 60 the length 






Divided by 12)4635.29280 

386.2744 Board Feet Contents. 
ANOTHER METHOD 

To compute the board feet contents of an Octagon manufactured out of a 
square timber. 

First find the contents of the square timber in the usual way, then square 
one side of the Octagon; multiply it by the length and divide by 12; subtract this 
amount from the contents of the square timber and the result will give the board 
feet contents of the Octagon. 
Example : 

Find the board feet contents of an Octagon the side of which is 14% inches, 
made of a timber 35 inches square and 60 feet long. 

Process : 

35" x35" — 60 ft. equals 6125 Board Feet. 
14y 2 xl4% — 60 ft. equals 1051 x /4 Board Feet. 

Contents of the Octagon 5073% Board Feet. 
Note: 

The exact side of a square from which an Octagon of 14% inches could be 
made, would be 35.0065 inches. In the foregoing example the figures past the 
decimal point, namely .0064 are discarded as being unnecessary for practical 
purposes. 



28 



LUMBERMAN'S AND LOGGER'S GUIDE 



EXPLANATION OF OCTAGON TABLE 

See Table on page 29. 

First Column shows the size of the timber to be made into an Octagon. 

Second Column shows the diagonal or the length of a line joining the opposite 
angles of the timber. 

Third Column shows the length of one side of the Octagon that can be made 
from the timber in First Column. 

Fourth Column shows the length of one side of the triangle to be cut off each 
corner of the timber at right angles to the diagonal to make the Octagon. 




3S, I 77C/2ZS 



A 



*\ 



The above diagram illustrates the system used in determining the contents of 
an Octagon. Note that one side of the square (35) deducted from the diagonal 
(49^) gives one side of the Octagon, and that the side of the 'small inner square 
equals one side of the Octagon. You will also observe that the area of the small 
square or combinel areas of the four sections of the small square is the equivalent 
to the total area of • the four corners taken off the large square to make the 
Octagon. 



LUMBERMAN'S AND LOGGER'S GUIDE 



29 



USEFUL 


TABLE FOR MAKING OCTAGONS OUT 




OF SQUARE TIMBER 






Square 


One Side 


One Side 


Square 




One Side 


One Side 


Timber Diagonal 


of Octagon 


of Corner 


Timber 


Diagonal 


of Octagon 


of Corner 


First Second 


Third 


Fourth 


First 


Second 


Third 


Fourth 


Column Column 


Column 


Column 


Column 


Column 


Column 


Column 


6x 6 8.48 


2.48 


1.76 


22x22 . 


. .. 31.12 


9.12 


6.44 


7x 7 9.90 


2.90 


2.05 


23x23 . 


. . . 32.53 


9.53 


6.73 


8x 8 11.31 


3.31 


2.35 


24x24 . 


. .. 33.95 


9.95 


7.02 


9x9 12.73 


3.73 


2.63 


25x25 . 


. . . 35.36 


10.36 


7.32 


10x10 14.14 


4.14 


2.93 


26x26 . 


. . . 36.78 


10.78 


7.61 


11x11 .... 15.56 


4.56 


3.22 


27x27 . 


. . . 38.19 


11.19 


7.90 


12x12 16.97 


4.97 


3.51 


28x28 . 


... . 39.60 


11.60 


8.20 


13x13 18.39 


5.39 


3.81 


29x29 . 


. .. 41.02 


12.02 


8.49 


14x14 19.80 


5.80 


4.10 


30x30 . 


. . . 42.43 


12.43 


8.78 


15x15 21.22 


6.22 


4.39 


31x31 . 


. .. 43.85 


12.85 


9.07 


16x16 22.63 


6.63 


4.69 


32x32 . 


. . . 45.26 


13.26 


9.37 


17x17 24.05 


7.05 


4.97 


33x33 . 


. . . 46.68 


13.36 


9.66 


18x18 25.46 


7.46 


5.27 


34x34 . 


. . . 48.09 


14.09 


9.95 


19x19 26.87 


7.87 


5.56 


35x35 . 


. . . 49.50 


14.50 


10.25 


20x20 28.29 


8.29 


5.85 


36x36 . 


. .. 50.90 


14.92 


10.54 


21x21 29.70 


8.70 


6.15 











TO COMPUTE THE AREA OF A REGULAR POLYGON 

When length of a side only is given. 
Rule: 

Multiply square of the side by multiplier opposite to term of polygon in the 
following table: 



No. of 






Sides 


Polygon 


Multiplier 


3 


Trigon 


.43301 


4 


Tetragon 


1. 


5 


Pentagon 


1.72048 


6 


Hexagon 


2.59808 


7 


Heptagon 


3.63391 


8 


Octagon 


4.82843 


9 


Nonagon 


6.18182 


10 


Decagon 


7.69421 


11 


Undecagon 


9.36564 


12 


Dodecagon 


11.19615 



TO COMPUTE THE BOARD FEET CONTENTS OP A REGULAR POLYGON 
Rule: 

Multiply square of the side by multiplier opposite to the term of polygon in 
the foregoing table; then multiply the result by the length and divide by 12. 
Example: 

Find the board measure contents of a Nonagon (9 equal sides) one side of 
which is 6 inches and the length is 30 feet. 
Process: 

6.18182 Decimal Term 

36 the square of 6 inches 



Multiplied by 



Multiplied by 



37.09092 
185.4546 



222.54552 

30 the length 



Divided by 12)6676.36560 



556.36380 Board Feet Contents. 



TO COMPUTE CONTENTS OF A TAPERING OCTAGON OR FRUSTUM OF A 

PYRAMID 

Rule: 

To the sums of the areas of the two ends of the tapering octagon or frustum 
add the square root of their product. Multiply the sum. by the height and take 
one-third of the product. 
Example: 

Find the cubic contents of a frustum of a pyramid whose height is 15 feet. 
The area of one end is 18 square feet and the other 98 square feet. 
Operation: 

18 + 98=116 (area of the two ends). 

98X18=1764 square root of 1764=42. 
116 + 42=158 15 (height)xl58=2370, which divided by 3 gives 790 cubic feet. 
Remark: 

This rule also applies to frustums of cones. 



30 



LUMBERMAN'S AND LOGGER'S GUIDE 



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* 



LUMBERMAN'S AND LOGGER'S GUIDE 31 



TO COMPUTE SIZES NOT GIVEN IN THE BOARD MEASURE 

TABLE 



A great variety of sizes can be computed or checked by the aid of the foregoing- 
table. 

If you wish to figure the contents of fractional lumber, plank, square or 
rectangular timbers the table can be used for that purpose. 

For lumber 1^4 inches in thickness add % to the amount given in the table 
for a board of corresponding width and length. 

For lumber iy 2 inches in thickness you would add half the amount to the 
contents. 

For lumber 2 inches in thickness double the amount of contents. In other 
words when the thickness exceeds one inch multiply the board feet amounts 
given in the table by the thickness. 

EXAMPLES 
Fractional Sizes — Find the contents of 1 piece l^xlT. 20 feet long. 

By referring to the table you will find 1 piece 1x17, 20 feet long, contains) 
28 feet and 4 inches, to this is added one quarter (7 ft. 1 in.) which gives 35 
feet 5 inches, the board feet contents of 1 piece l 1 / 4xl7, 20 feet long. 

If the board were iy 2 inches in thickness you would add to the content's of 
1x17, half the amount. 

Square timbers — Find the contents of 1 piece 18x18. 20 feet long. 
According to the table. 1 piece 1x18 20 contains 30 board feet, the amount 
multiplied by one side of the square (18) gives 540. the board feet contents. 

Rectangular Timbers — Find the contents of 1 piece 15x24 32 feet long. 

In this case you can multiply the contents of 1x15 32 (40 feet contents) by 
24, or 1x24 32 (64 feet contents) by 15, the result will be the same, namely 960 
board feet contents. 

Totals — In the table the fractions are given in twelfths (small figures) making 
adding easier. Thus the following 1 inch lumber would be added: 
1 piece lx 7 — 10 ft. equals 5 ft. 10 ins. 
1 piece 1x10 — 12 ft. equals 10 ft. ins. 
1 piece 1x16 — 12 ft. equals 16 ft. ins. 
1 piece 1x13 — 14 ft. equals 15 ft. 2 ins. 
1 piece 1x20 — 16 ft. equals 26 ft. 8 ins. 



Total equals 72 and 20/12 ft., or 73% board ft. 

To find the total contents of lumber thicker than 1 inch, proceed as if the 
lumber were 1 inch and multiply the total by the thickness. 

In the foregoing example, if it were 3-inch lumber the total would be multiplied 
by 3. or a total of 221 board feet. 



LUMBERMAN'S AND LOGGER'S GUIDE 



TO COMPUTE AN AVERAGE RANGE OF LENGTHS 

When an order such as 3x8 and wider calls for an average length, use the fol- 
lowing system to compute it: 

Rule: 

Add together the total pieces of each length, and multiply the pieces by their 
respective lengths; then add separately the pieces and lengths, and divide the grand 
total of pieces into the grand total of lengths. The result will be the average 
length. 

Example : 

Find the average length of a range of widths such as 3x8 and wider. 

Process : 

Pieces Length Lin. Ft. 

23 multiplied by 16 ft. equal 368 

9 multiplied by 18 ft. equal 162 
34 multiplied by 20 ft. equal 680 
79 multiplied by 22 ft. equal 1738 
12 multiplied by 24 ft. equal 288 
11 multiplied by 26 ft. equal 286 

8 multiplied by 28 ft. equal 224 

7 multiplied by 30 ft. equal 210 

7 multiplied by 32 ft. equal 224 

190 Pieces, divided into 4180 

gives 22 feet, the average length. 

TO COMPUTE AVERAGE WIDTHS 

Orders from Europe frequently call for an average in width of a specified 
thickness, such as 3x8 and wider. 4x10 and wider. 6x12 and wider. The following is 
the system for striking an average: 

Rule: 

Multiply the total pieces of each width separately; then add totals separately, 
and divide total of pieces into total of widths. The result will be the average 
width. 

Example: 

An item on an order calls for a specified amount of 4x10 and wider, to average 
15 inches or over in width. The following pieces and widths have been sawn on 
this item; what is the present average? 

Process : 







Totals of Pieces 


Total 




Each and 


Width's 


Pieces 




Width 


Multiplied 


16 


X 


10 equals 




160 


24 


X 


11 equals 




264 


20 


X 


12 equals 




240 


42 


X 


13 equals 




546 


30 


X 


14 equals 




420 


40 


X 


15 equals 




600 


50 


X 


16 equals 




800 


20 


X 


18 equals 




360 


48 


X 


20 equals 




960 



290 Pieces, divided into 4350 

equals 15 inches, the average 
width required. 



LUMBERMAN'S AND LOGGER'S GUIDE 33 



BOARD MEASUREMENT OF LOGS 

Board measure is designed primarily for the measurement of sawed lumber. 
The unit is the board foot, which is a board 1 inch thick and 1 foot square, so 
that with inch boards the content in board measure is the same as the number 
of square feet of surface; with lumber of other thicknesses the content is expressed 
in terms of inch boards. 

In recent years board measure has been used as a unit of volume for logs. 
When so applied the measure does not show the entire content of the log. but the 
quantity of lumber which, it is estimated, may be manufactured from it. The 
number of board feet in any given log is determined from a table that shows the 
estimated number which can be taken out from logs of different diameters and 
lengths. Such a table is called a log scale or log rule, and is compiled by reducing 
the dimensions of perfect logs of different sizes, to allow for waste in manufacture, 
and then calculating the number of inch boards which remain. 

The amount of lumber which can be cut from logs of a given size is not uni- 
form, because the factors which determine the amount of waste vary under different 
circumstances, such as the thickness of the saw, the thickness of the boards, the 
width of the smallest board which may be utilized, the skill of the sawyer, the 
efficiency of the machinery, the defects in the log, the amount of taper, and the 
shrinkage. This lack of uniformity has led to wide differences of opinion as to 
how log rules should be constructed. There have been many attempts to devise 
a log rule which can be used as a standard, but none of them will meet all con- 
ditions. The rules in existence have been so unsatisfactory that constant attempts 
have been made to improve upon them. As a result there are now actually in use 
in the United States 40 or 50 different log rules, whose results differ in some cases 
as much as 120 per cent for 20-inch to 30-inch logs, and 600 per cent for 6-inch 
logs. Some of these are constructed from mathematical formulae; some by pre- 
paring diagrams that represent the top of a log and then determining the amount 
of waste in sawdust and slabs; some are based on actual averages of logs cut at 
the mill; while still others are the result of making corrections in an existing 
rule to meet special local conditions. 

The large number of log rules, the differences in their values, and the variation 
in the methods of their application have led to much confusion and inconvenience. 
Efforts to reach an agreement among lumbermen on a single standard log rule have 
failed so far. A number of States have given official sanction to specific rules, 
but this has only added to the confusion, because the States have not chosen the 
same rule, so there are six different state log rules, and, in addition, three different 
official log rules in Canada. It is probable that a standard method of measuring 
logs will not be worked out satisfactorily until a single unit of volume, like the 
cubic or board foot, is adopted for the measurement of logs. — U. S. Forest Service 
Bulletin 36. 

The Brereton Solid Log Table shows the exact or solid contents in board feet 
of logs or round timbers, which will be found invaluable in a large number of 
instances as enumerated in the following pages, and also for comparison with 
the Pacific Coast and other numerous log scales now in use. 

It is only a question of time when both buyer and seller will recognize the 
absolute fairness and benefit to be derived from making sales on the exact contents 
of a log, as the variation in quality can then be adjusted by the variation in 
price. 

It is unreasonable to measure pulp wood logs in terms of manufactured lum- 
ber, as the entire log is used in making pulp. Therefore a solid measure is more 
appropriate than the usual log scale making allowance for slab and saw kerf. 

ADVANTAGES AND USES OF THE BRERETON SOLID LOG TABLE SHOWING 
EXACT BOARD MEASURE CONTENTS OF LOGS 

Situations arise where it is essential to arrive at a close estimate for freight 
purposes of the exact or solid contents of logs or piling which are often shipped by 
vessel to Foreign or Domestic ports or when it is necessary to compute their 
weight prior to shipping by rail, with a view of ordering cars that will stand the 
strain of heavy and long logs, spars or timbers. 

It is also indispensable for ship's officers and stevedores to know the contents 
and weight of large logs and spars to enable them to judge as* to the advisability 
of adjusting or doubling up their gear to avoid smashing derricks and winches or 
otherwise breaking down machinery. 

POUNDS PER DEADWEIGHT TON 

When computing deadweight of lumber, coal, or general cargo carried by 
British vessels, it is customary to use the long ton of 2240 pounds. 



34 LUMBERMAN'S AND LOGGER'S GUIDE 



WEIGHT OF DOUGLAS FIR LOGS OR PILING 

Rafted logs or piling on account of being partly submerged in salt or fresh 
water, or freshly felled in the early summer months, will naturally weigh more 
than those felled in winter, or shipped direct on cars from forest to destination. 
To compute the approximate weight in pounds of rafted logs or piling, take 
average diameter including bark, then ascertain board measure contents by 
referring to the Brereton Solid Log Table and multiply the amount by 3.5. 

For logs and piling shipped on cars multiply board measure contents by 3.4. 

WEIGHT OF CREOSOTED DOUGLAS FIR FILES, POLES AND TIES 

To compute weight in pounds of creosoted piles or poles, take average diam- 
eter, then ascertain board measure contents according to the Brereton Solid Log 
Table and multiply the amount by 3.5. 

Butt treated or butt and top treated telephone, telegraph or electric light poles 
weigh about 3.4 pounds per board foot, exact contents. 

Creosoted ties (sleepers) or lumber of small dimensions weigh about 3.6 
pounds per board foot. Creosoted timbers weigh about 3.5 pounds per board foot. 

POINTER FOR CHARTERER OR OWNERS OF VESSELS — TAINT FROM 

CREOSOTE 

In making charters for vessels to carry creosoted piling or lumber, if possible 
arrange to carry this material on deck. If carried under deck it will taint perish- 
able cargo in same compartment, or perishable cargo carried on the return voyage. 

EFFECT OF CREOSOTE ON CARRYING CAPACITY 

The difference in weight between creosoted and untreated ties must also be 
taken into consideration as this affects the carrying capacity to a considerable 
extent; for instance, a steamer with a deadweight cargo carrying capacity of 5400 
long tons that would ordinarily carry 3,620,000 board feet of untreated fir ties 
would only carry 3,360,000 board feet of creosoted ties, a difference of 260,000 
board feet. 

GROWTH OF TREES 

Since there is a marked tendency among timberland owners to cut their timber 
with an eye to the future, some knowledge of the growth of forest trees becomes 
important. 

Trees grow by adding each year a layer of wood underneath the bark. Since 
each year contains only one growing season and the spring and summer part of 
this layer are not alike, each year's growth, layer, or "annual ring" usually is 
distinguishable. The central fact of tree growth is that each ring means a year. 
The exceptions to this are not important enough to merit notice here. 

Trees growing in the heart of the forest are generally straight and tall as it 
is necessary for their leaves to receive sunlight and air sufficient for vitalizing 
the sap; the lower branches of these trees only last a few years when they die 
and fall off. On the edges of the forest the lower branches of the trees remain 
alive and active so that timber cut from such places is knotty and occasionally 
cross-grained, while that cut from the inside trees is straight-grained and contains 
a larger percentage of clear lumber. 

ANNUAL RINGS 

Annual rings denote the spring and summer growth of the tree; the spring 
ring i's distinguished by its light color; it is invariably wider than the summer 
ring on account of its more rapid growth which produces a softer fiber. The 
summer ring is darker in color, is harder and has a much more solid appearance 
than the spring ring. The line of separation in annual rings is caused by the 
suspension of the growth of the stem during winter. 

The annual rings are not always uniform as they are generally thicker on 
that 'side of the tree which has the longest exposure to the sun. For this reason 
the distance from pith to bark will often vary several inches; for instance, the 
measurement of a log from heart center to bark would be, say 15 inches on one 
side and 20 inches on the other. 

The widest rings are found around the heart centre from whence they grad- 
ually diminish in thickness as they radiate towards the sap, where their growth 
is so compact that it is almost impossible to count them without the aid of a 
microscope. 

In determining the strength of lumber which is the principal point when in- 
specting the merchantable grades generally used for high class constructional 
purposes, the width, uniformity and compactness of the growth of the annual 
rings should be carefully noted. When the summer ring is narrow and the spring 
ring wide or porous, weakness is the result. When the spring and summer rings 
are nearly equal in width and uniformly close, it denotes natural strength so 
requisite in the quality of lumber used for ship and bridge work, mast's, spars, 
dredger spuds, derricks or similar purposes for which Douglas Fir is unequalled. 

In small trees the annual rings are proportionately closer and more uniform 
from heart centre to bark than the larger species, though there are occasional 
exceptions. 

The annual rings are larger at the top than at the base of tree. 

Small and medium sized logs which range from 17 to 36 inches in diameter, 
as a rule produce excellent timbers and a good grade of merchantable lumber. 



LUMBERMAN'S AND LOGGER'S GUIDE 



ANNUAL KINGS DENSITY AND DECAY 

Specific gravity or density of lumber materially influences resistance to decay 
of the heart-wood; the more dense the wood the more durable it is. Specific gravity 
is a property which can not be determined from inspection, but it can be estimated 
by recourse to the proportion of summerwood to springwood in the annual growth 
rings which proves to be a safe criterion of the durability of heartwood; i. e., an 
increase in summer wood results in an increase in specific gravity. The specific 
gravity of Douglas Fir when freshly sawn is 640. 

The width of the growth rings furnishes a further index of durability; the 
summer wood, which is of greater density and contains more pitch, shows more 
resistance to fungus attack than the spring rings of porous growth. 

The resisting qualities of pitch to decay is principally through its water- 
proofing effect on wood, and thus its influence on the absorption of moisture by 
wood containing it; that is, the power of wood to absorb moisture is very im- 
portant in its decay. It is well known that below a certain maximum of moisture 
in wood, fungi will not grow. Any property of the wood which will influence this 
balance of moisture is of importance in decay resistance. Thus, if the wood 
contains enough pitch to have a material waterproofing effect, it must play a role 
in durability. 

DURABILITY OP WOOD 

Timber cut in spring or in summer is not so durable as that cut in winter, 
when the life processes of trees are less active. Scientific investigations sustain 
this statement. The durability depends not only upon the greater or less density 
but also upon the presence of certain chemical constituents in the wood. Thus a 
large proportion of resinous matter increases the durability, while the presence of 
easily soluble carbohydrates diminishes it considerably. 

During the growing season the wood of trees contains sulphuric acid and pot- 
assium, -both of which are solvents of carbohydrates, starch, resins and gums; 
they are known to soften also the ligneous tissue to a considerable degree. During 
the summer months the wood of living trees contains eight times as much sulphuric 
acid and five times as much potassium as it does during the winter months. The 
presence of these two chemical substances during the growing season constitutes 
the chief factor in dissolving the natural preservatives within the wood and in 
preparing the wood for the different kinds of wood-destroying fungi, such as 
polyporus and agaricus. The fungi can thus penetrate more quickly and easily 
into the interior of the wood when these wood gums are already partly dissolved 
and available for their own immediate use. 

From this standpoint it seems that the best time to cut down the tree is in the 
winter, when sulphuric acid and potassium are present to a much smaller degree, 
and the fungi will not be assisted in dissolving the natural preservatives in the 
wood. The amount of wood gum is always less and more easily soluble in sap- 
wood than in heartwood. — Scientific American. 

OLD GROWTH LOGS 

In reference to lumber manufactured from "old growth" logs, it means that 
the trees from which they .were logged are mature, of large diameter and grown 
in a virgin forest, and not from trees in a process of decay through age. 

Old growth Douglas Fir furnishes excellent lumber for high grade wide 
clears, in either edge or slash grain. 

DIAMETER GROWTH 

Some trees grow so slowly that a hand lens is necessary to clearly distinguish 
the rings, others may have rings a half inch in width. In any case, a little prac- 
tice improves the ability to note all the rings. 

To find the age of a felled tree at any section, then, requires only the accurate 
counting of the rings. The total age of the tree is shown by the total number of 
rings at the ground; or the total number of rings on the stump plus the number of 
years required to grow as high as the stump. An examination of a number of 
small trees would give an idea of the time required to grow up to stump height. 
This varies from one year in trees coming up as stump sprouts to as high as 
twenty years or more in some Rocky Mountain/ conifers, for heights of 1 to 3 feet. 

Since trees often grow faster on one side than another, the average growth is 
gotten only by finding the average radius and counting and measuring the rings 
along it. Thus the radius of the tree may be found at ten, twenty, thirty years, 
etc., and by doubling these the diameters are found at these ages. 



36 



LUMBERMAN'S AND LOGGER'S GUIDE 



DIFFERENTIAL TABLE 

Table showing difference in board feet between actual contents of logs, 
40 feet in length, 12 to 40 inches in diameter, and the Pacific Coast Log 
Scale's; also their respective allowances for slabs and saw kerf. 



Allowance 
for Slabs 
12-in. and Saw 
Diam. Kerf. 

Actual Contents 589 .... 

Scribner Scale 196 393 

Spaulding" Scale 192 397 

British Columbia Scale 210 379 



Allowance 
for Slabs 
14-in. and Saw 
Dlam. Kerf. 

757 

286 471 
286 471 
297 460 



Allowance 

for Slabs 

16-in. and Saw 

Diam. Kerf. 

945 

396 549 

402 543 

400 545 



Allowance 
for Slabs 
18-in. and Saw 
Diam. Kerf. 

Actual Contents 1155 .... 

Scribner Scale 534 621 

Spaulding- Scale 540 615 

British Columbia Scale 518 637 



Allowance 
for Slabs 
20-in. and Saw 
Diam. Kerf. 

1385 

700 685 
690 695 
652 733 



Allowance 

for Slabs 

22-in. and Saw 

Diam. Kerf. 

1636 

836 80O 

852 784 

8O0 836 



Allowance Allowance Allowance 

for Slabs for Slabs for Slabs 

24-in. and Saw 26-in. and Saw 28-in. and Saw 

Diam. Kerf. Diam. Kerf. Diam.' Kerf. 

Actual Contents 1909 2202 2516 

Scribner Scale 1010 899 1250 952 1456 1060 

Spaulding- Scale 1030 879 1220 982 1422 1094 

British Columbia Scale 964 945 1145 1057 1337 1179 



Allowance 
for Slabs 
30-in. and Saw 
Diam. Kerf. 

Actual Contents 2851 .... 

Scribner Scale 1642 1209 

Spaulding- Scale 1640 1211 

British Columbia Scale 1546 1305 



Allowance 
for Slabs 
32-in. and Saw 
Diam. Kerf. 



3207 
1840 
1870 
1771 



1367 
1337 
1436 



Allowance 

for Slabs 

34-in. and Saw 

Diam. Kerf. 

3584 

2000 1584 
2112 1472 
2011 1573 



Allowance Allowance 

for Slabs for Slabs 

36-in. and Saw 38-in. and Saw 

Diam. Kerf. Diam. Kerf. 

Actual Contents 3982 4401 

Scribner Scale 2304 1678 2670 1731 

Spaulding- Scale 2376 1606 2660 1741 

Briitsh Columbia Scale 2266 1716 2536 1865 



Allowance 

for Slabs 

40-in. and Saw 

Diam. Kerf. 

4841 

3010 1831 

2962 1879 

2019 



TAPER OF DOUGLAS FIB LOGS 



The foregoing table is computed on the assumption that the 40-foot logrs used 
as an example have an increase in taper of 6 inches, which is a fair average 
for this length of log. 

To gauge the correct actual contents of a log, it is necessary to take the mean 
diameter, not the diameter at the 'small end, which is the usual method of scaling 
Douglas Fir logs; therefore to arrive at the actual contents given in the table, an 
increase of three inches over the diameter at the small end is allowed to give the 
correct mean diameter upon which the actual contents given in this table are 
based. 

To display that the increase of 6 inches in taper is not excessive or used 
for the purpose of creating a disparity between the actual contents of logs as 
shown in the "Differential Table" and the scale according to log rules; carefully 
note in the following table the increase in taper of Douglas Fir logs from records 
kept by the United States Forest Service Department. 



LUMBERMAN'S AND LOGGER'S GUIDE 



37 



TAPER OF DOUGLAS FIR LOGS 



Total 

Length 
reet 



Butt 

Log- 



Log- Lengths 
Second Third 
Log- Log- 



Top 
Log- 



80 

Increase 


23 
7" 


26' 
5" 




26' 
0" 


82 

Increase 


28' 
7" 


28' 
5" 




26' 
0" 


84 

Increase 


28' 
8" 


28' 

6" 




28' 
0" 


86 

Increase 


30^ 
8" 


28' 

5" 




28' 
0" 


88 

. . Increase 


30' 
8" 


3<y 

5" 




28' 
0" 


90 

Increase 


30' 
8" 


3(y 

6" 




30' 
0" 


92 

Increase 


32' 
8" 


30' 

6" 




30' 
0" 


94 

Increase 


32' 
8" 


32' 

6" 




30' 

6" 


96 

Increase 


32' 
9" 


32' 
6" 




32' 
0" 


98 

Increase 


26' 
9" 


24' 
8" 


24 

5" 


24' 
0" 


100 ..... 
Increase 


26' 
10" 


26' 
8" 


24 
5' 


24' 
0" 



This table is intended, to be used simply as a guide; the allowances for taper 
shown should be varied to conform to the actual taper. These figures are based on 
the actual taper of 110 Douglas Fir trees of average height measured in Washing- 
ton and Oregon. 

AVERAGE CONTENTS OF LOGS 

To enable loggers and lumbermen to arrive at the average board feet in 
Douglas Fir and other species of Pacific Coast logs, with a view of comparing the 
difference between the solid or actual contents of logs, and the amounts according 
to the log rules in general use, the following table covers a record of the number 
of logs scaled and their contents, during the years 1913, 1914, 1915, 1916 and 1917, 
by the Puget Sound Log Scaling and Grading Bureau, Everett, Wash. 

In the five years mentioned this Bureau scaled 4.604.000 logs containing 
3,353,631,600 board feet. If the foregoing had been scaled according to their 
solid contents; i. e., without allowance for saw kerf and slab, the result would 
be about double the amount stated. 

A fact that should not be lost sight of when comparing the difference between 
the solid contents and the amounts given in the standard log tables, is that the- 
present method of scaling logs is invariably to take the diameter at the small 
end of the log. whereas in computing the solid contents, the mean or diameter- 
at center of log is taken. 

Table showing contents in board feet of an average log of Douglas Fir, Hem- 
lock, Spruce, Cedar and miscellaneous species. Scaled by Puget Sound Log Scaling 
and Grading Bureau. 



Number of Logs. Board Peet Scale. Log Average, Pctg", 

No. 1 Douglas Pir 92,671 256,496,830 2768 13 

No. 2 Douglas Pir 1,044,589 1,123,440,220 1074 55 

No. 3 Douglas Pir 1,184,594 659,725,000 556 32 

Total Douglas Pir 2,321,854 2,039,662,050 878 61 

"Western Hemlock 635,838 303,023,270 • 476 09 

Sitka Spruce 100,973 104,959,880 1039 03 

Western Cedar 1,457,906 856,888,890 588 26 

♦Miscellaneous 87,429 49,097,510 564 01 

Total 4,604,000 3,353,631,600 728 

♦Miscellaneous includes the following: White Pine, White Fir, Maple, Cotton- 
wood and Boomsticks. 



38 



LUMBERMAN'S AND LOGGER'S GUIDE 



BRERETON SOLID LOG TABLE 

ACTUAL CONTENTS OP LOGS OB BOUND TIMBERS IN 



BOABD PEET 











Average Diameter in Inches 








Length 
inPeet 


1 

6 ! 


7 


• 


' • 


i- 


11 


12 


13 


14 


15 


1 x 6 

1 


16 


1 38 | 
1 


J 


| 67 


! 85 


| 105 


| 127 


| 151 


| 177 


205 


236 


268 


18 




58 


| 75 


| 95 


| 118 


| 143 


1 . 170 


| 199 


| 231 


265 


302 




1 47 1 


64 


1 84 


| 106 


| 131 


| 158 


| 188 


221 


257 


295 


335 


22 

24 


i 52 ' 


n 


92 


| 117 


I 144 


174 


| 207 


243 


282 


324 


369 


, .] 


77 


xox 


127 


| 157 


| 190 


226 


265 


308 


353 


402 


26 


i « 


83 


109 


138 


| 170 


206 


245 


288 


334 


383 


436 


28 


1 
1 66 | 


90 


117 


148 


183 


222 


264 


310 


359 


412 


469 


30 


, J 


96 


126 


159 


| 196 


238 


283 


332 


385 


442 


503 


32 


J 


103 


134 


| 170 


| 209 


| 253 


| 302 


354 


411 


471 


536 


34 


1 80 1 

. s 5i , 


109 


142 


I 180 


I » 


| 269 


| 320 


376 


436 


501 


570 


36 


115 


151 


191 


236 


285 


339 


398 


462 


530 


603 


38 


! so '| 

1 


122 


159 


201 


249 


301 


358 


420 


487 


560 


637 


40 


I 94 1 

1 


128 


168 


212 


| 262 


| 317 


377 


442 


513 


589 


670 


42 


1 
1 99 1 

1 


135 


176 


223 


275 


333 


396 


465 


539 


619 


704 


44 


104 ] 


141 


184 


233 


288" 


348 


415 


487 


564 


648 


737 


46 


108 

1 


148 


193 


244 


301 


364 


434 


509 


590 


677 


771 


48 


1 H3 | 


154 


201 


254 


314 


380 


452 


531 


616 


707 


804 


50 


i H8 | 

1 


160 


209 


265 


| 327 


396 


1 
471 


553 


641 


736 


838 


52 


, *| 


X67 


218 


276 


340 


412 


490 


575 


667 


766 


871 


54 


! 127 1 


173 


226 


286 


353 


428 


509 


597 


693 


795 


905 


56 


132 


180 


235 


297 


367 


443 


528 


619 


718 


825 


938 


58 


1 137 l 


1 
186 


242 


307 


380 


459 , 


547 


642 


744 


854 


972 


60 


1 141 | 


192 


251 


318 


1 
393 


1 
475 


565 


664 


770 


884 


1005 



LUMBERMAN'S AND LOGGER'S GUIDE 



39 



BRERETON SOLID LOG TABLE— Continued 

ACTUAL CONTENTS OP LOGS OK ROUND TIMBERS IN BOABD FEET 





Average Diameter in Inches 


Length 
in Feet 


17 

1 


18 

1 


19 

1 


20 

1 


21 

1 


22 1 


23 1 


-I 


»l 


26 


27 


16 


1 303 | 


339 I 


1 

378 


1 

1 

419 1 


1 

1 

462 | 


1 
1 
507 


1 
554 1 


I 
603 | 


655 1 


708 


763 


18 


J 34 °i 


382 | 


I 
425 


1 
471 


1 
520 


1 
570 


1 
623 


1 
679 


736 


796 


859 


20 


1 

1 378 1 


' 1 
424 1 


473 


524 | 

I 


577 


1 
634 


692 


754 


818 


885 


954 


22 


«•> 


1, 
467 | 

| 


520 


576 I 


635 

| 


697 


762 


829 


900 


973 


1050 


24 


i 


509 1 


567 


628 1 


693 


760 


831 


905 


982 


1062 


1145 


26 


/ •",- 


551 | 


614 


681 | 

| 


750 


824 


900 


980 


1064 


1150 


1241 


28 


530 

1 | 


594 1 


662 


733 


808 


887 


969 


1056 

I 


1145 


1239 


1336 


30 


1 567 | 
.f 605 | 


636 1 

1 


709 


785 1 

1 


866 


950 


1039 


1131 


1227 


1327 


1431 


32 


679 | 


756 


| 838 | 

1 


924 


| 1014 


1108 


1206 

I 


1309 


1416 


1527 


34 


'1 "I 


721 | 


803 


1 
| 890 j 


981 


1077 


| 1177 


1282 


1391 


1504 


1622 


36 


.1 «n\ 


763 | 

1 


851 


| 942 | 
1 1 


1039 


1140 


1246 

1 


1357 


1473 


1593 


1718 


38 




806 J 
848 | 


898 


1 995 1 

1 


1097 


1204 


| 1316 


1433 


1554 


1681 


1813 


40 


945 


| 1047 | 


1155 


1267 

1 


1385 


1508 


1636 


1770 


1909 


42 


.1 794 | 

1 1 

.1 832 1 

1 ! 


891 j 


992 


| 1100 | 

1 


1212 


] 1330 

1 


1 1454 


1583 


1718 


1858 


2004 


44 


1 
933 | 


1040 


1 1152 1 

1 


1270 


| 1394 


i 1523 

1 


1659 

1 


1800 


1947 


2099 


46 


.| 870 | 

.| 908 | 


975 | 


1087 


| 1204 | 

1 


1328 


| 1457 


| 1593 


| 1734 


1882 


2035 


2195 


48 


1018 | 
1060 | 
1103 | 
1145 1 


1134 


1 1257 | 


1385 


1 1521 
1 


1 1662 
1 


| 1810 


1964 


2124 


2290 


50 


1181 


i 1309 j 
| 1361 


1443 


1 1584 

1 


] 1731 


1 1885 


2045 


2212 


2386 


52 




1229 


1501 


1 1647 

1 


1 1800 

1 


] I960 


2127 


2301 


2481 


54 


1 I 

.| 1021 1 


1276 


1414 

1 


1559 


1 1711 

1 


1870 


2036 


2209 


2389 


2577 


56 


I, 1 
. | 1059 | 

J 1097 


1 
1188 1 


1323 


1 1466 


1616 


1 1774 


1 1939 


1 2111 


2291 


2478 


2672 


58 


1230 | 


1370 


| 1518 

I 1 


1674 


| 1837 


1 

| 2008 


1 

1 2187 


2373 


2566 


2767 


60 


.| 1135 | 


1272 | 


1418 


1 1571 | 


1732 


] 1901 


1 2077 


1 2262 


2454 


2655 


2863 



40 



LUMBERMAN'S AND LOGGER'S GUIDE 



BRERETON SOLID LOG TABLE— Continued 

ACTUAL CONTENTS OF LOGS OS BOUND TIMBERS IN BOARD 7ZIT 







Average Diameter in Inches 


Length 
In Fret 


28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 


,. 


821 1 881 1 942 1 lOOS 1 1072 1 1140 1 1211 1 1283 1 135 r i 


r 1434 

' 1613 

1792 


t 1512 


,. i 


924 
1026 


I f i 

| 991 1 lOGO 1 1132 1 120R 1 1283 1 1362 


1 
1443 1 1523 


1701 


i 

20 


| 1101 


1 

| 1178 


I 1258 


1 
► | 134C 


> | 1426 | 1513 


1604 


■| 1696 


1890 


22 1 


1129 
1232 


| 1211 
! 1321 


1296 
1414 
1532 


1384 
1510 
1635 


] 1474 

1 1608 

1743 


1568 
1711 


1665 
1816 


1764 

1924 

1 

1 2085 


1866 
2036 
2205 


1971 
2150 
2330 


2079 


24 ■ . . | 


2268 


26 | 


1334 ! 1431 


1 
| 1853 I 1967 


2457 


28 1437 

I 


1541 


1649 


1761 


1877 


1 
1996 


1 

1 2118 

1 


2245 


[ 2375 


2509 


2646 


30 1539 

1 


| 1651 


1767 


1887 


2011 

I 


2138 

I 


| 2270 


2405 


2545 


2688 


2835 


32 | 1642 


| 1761 


1885 


2013 


2145 


2281 

1 


2421 


2566 


2714 


2867 


3024 


34 


) 1745 


1871 


2003 


2139 


2279 


1 2423 


2572 


2726 


2884 


3046 


3213 


36 


1847 


1982 


2121 


2264 


2413 


2566 


2724 


2886 


3054 


3226 


3402 


38 


1950 

1 


2092 


2238 


2390 


2547 


2708 


2875 


3047 


3223 


3405 


3591 


40 


2053 | 2202 

1 1 


2356 


2516 


2681 


2851 


3026 


3207 


3393 


3584 


3780 


42 1 2155 | 2312 1 2474 1 


2642 


1 
2815 


1 
2994 


3178 


3367 


3563 


3763 


3969 


44 1 2258 J 2422 | 2592 1 2767 

fill 


1 
2949 


3136 


3329 


3528 


3732 


3942 


4158 


46 ! 2360 | 2532 1 2710 | 2893 j 


3083 1 


1 
3279 


3480 


3688 


3902 


4122 


4347 


1 1, 1, 1 1 
48 | 2463 | 2642 | 2827 | 3019 I 


3217 


1 
3421 j 


3632 


3848 


4072 


4301 


4536 


1 1 1 1 1 
50 | 2566 | 2752 | 2945 1 3145 | 


3351 | 


1 
3564 1 


3783 


4009 


4241 


4480 


4725 


s* ' 


2668 | 


2862 | 


3063 | 


3271 | 


3485 | 


1 
3706 | 


3934 


4169 1 4411 


4659 


4915 


54 


2771 


2972 


3181 


3396 


3619 

1 


3849 1 

1 


4086, 

1 


4330 


4580 


4838 


5104 


56 


2874 | 


3082 


3299 

1 


3522 


3753 | 


1 
3991 | 

1 


4237 1 


4490 


4750 

| 


5018 


5293 


58 | 2976 


3193 


3410 1 


3648 


3887 


4134 


4388 | 


4650 


4920 


5197 


5482 


60 ; . | 


3( 


)79 | 


3303 | 


3534 | 


1 
3774 | 


4021 | 


4277 | 


4540 ] 


4811 ] 


5089 ) 


5376 . 


3671 



LUMBERMAN'S AND LOGGER'S GUIDE 



41 



BRERETON SOLID LOG TABLE— Continued 

ACTUAL CONTENTS OF LOOS Oft ROUND TIMBERS IN BOAED PUT 



Average Diameter in Inches 



Iieng-th 
In Feet 



III 
39 40 | 41 I 42 | 43 

J I I I 



44 



45 | 46 



47 



48 



16 , | 1593 | 1676 | 1760 I 1847 | 1936 I 2027 



18 | | 1792 | 1885 | 1980 | 2078 I 2178 | 2281 



2121 2216 
2386 2493 



20 , | 1991 

22 , | 2190 

24 I 2389 



2094 | 2200 

I 

| 2304 1 2420 
2513 I 2641 



I 
I 
30 , | 2986 

32 | 3186 

34 | 3385 



2588 | 2723 | 2861 

I I 

I 2787 I 2932 3081 



3142 
3351 



3301 
3521 



2309 
2540 
2771 
3002 
3233 
3464 



2420 I 2534 | 2651 
2662 2788 



2904 
3146 



3041 
3294 
3548 



2916 
3181 
3446 
3711 



2770 



2313 
2602 
2892 



3047 3181 



3631 3801 3976 



3560 | 3741 



36 , | 3584 | 3770 3961 

I I I 
38 | 3783 | 3979 



40 | 3982 

42 | 4181 

44 | 4380 



4189 
4398 



4181 
4401 
4621 



3695 J 3873 4055 4241 

I I I 

3925 J 4115 I 4308 I 4506 



3324 



4608 4841 



4156 
4387 
4618 



4357 I 4562 4771 

I I 

4599 I 4815 | 5036 

I 



3878 
4155 
4432 
4709 
4986 



3470 
3759 
4048 
4337 
4627 



2413 

2714 

3016 

3318 

3619 

3921 

4222 

4524 

4825 



4916 I 5127 



5204 



4841 5068 



46 1 4579 | 4817 5061 

I I ' 
48 I 4778 | 5027 | 5281 | 5542 

50 1 4977 | 5236 | 5501 | 5773 

52 I 5177 | 5445 | 5721 I 6004 



4849 J 5083 | 5322 

I 

5325 I 5575 

I 

5567 5829 



5080 
5311 



54 | 5376 

56 , | 5575 

58 5774 

60 | 5973 



5655 



6074 



5941 I 6235 



6161 
6381 
6601 



6465 
6696 
6927 



5809 
I 6051 
6293 
6535 
6777 
7019 
7261 



6589 
6842 
7096 



5301 
5567 
5832 
6097 
6362 
6627 



5263 I 5494 
5540 I 5783 
5817 6072 
6094 I 6361 



5429 
5730 



7157 
7422 



7349 I 7687 
7603 | 7952 



6371 
6648 
6925 
7202 
7479 
7756 



6651 
6940 



6635 
6937 
7238 



7229 7540 



8310 



7518 
7807 
8096 



7841 
8143 
8445 



8386 I 8746 
8675 J 9048 



42 



LUMBERMAN'S AND LOGGER'S GUIDE 



TO COMPUTE CONTENTS OP A LOG, BOUND TAPERING- TIMBER OB 

FRUSTUM OF A CONE 

To compute the board feet contents of a log, round tapering timber or 
frustum of a cone. 

Bide: 

Add together squares of the diameters of the smaller and larger ends and 
product of the two diameters; multiply their sum respectively by .7854, and this 
product by length (height); then divide result by 12 and 3. 




Example : • 

Find the board feet contents of a log 38 inches diameter at the small end, 
and 44 inches diameter at the large end, 40 feet in length. 
Process: 



(Small diam) 
(Large diam) 
(Both diam's) 



38 x 38 equals 
44 x 44 equals 
38 x 44 equals 



Sum of diameters by 



1444 
1936 
1672 

5052 
.7854 



Multiplied by 
Divided by 
Divided by 



20208 
25260 
40416 
35364 

3967.8408 
40 

12)158713.6320 

3) 13226.1360 

4408.7120 Board Feet, Contents 



The exact mean diameter of the log in the foregoing example is 41.1 inches, 
not 41 inches as would be generally supposed. The difference is due to the con- 
verging slant height of a tapering body which gives a very slight increase in 
mean diameter over the approximate diameter which is computed by adding the 
top and bottom diameter together and dividing by 2. 

When the diameter of a round timber is given or the mean diameter of a 
log is known the board feet contents can be obtained by referennce to the 
Actual Contents Table, or using the following rule. 
Bale: 

Multiply the square of the diameter by .7854, and the product by the length, 
then divide by 12. 



Tc 



o Co -?ri 



y£> u Z> 



e co?7£e77 



tc 



r£r o/ 



<cl ZnvO( 




Example : 

Find the board measure contents of a round timber 20 inches diameter and 
50 feet in length. 
Process : 

Square of diam. 20 x 20 equals 400. 

400 multiplied by .7854 equals 314.16 

314.16 multiplied by length 50 ft., equals 15708 

15708 divided by 12 equals 1309, Board Feet. 



LUMBERMAN'S AND LOGGER'S GUIDE 



43 



COMPUTING- CONTENTS OP LOGS BY CIRCUMFERENCE 

When the mean circumference of a log or round timber i's known, the follow- 
ing 1 rule gives the actual board measure contents. 
Rule: 

Multiply the square of the circumference by twice the length and divide 
by 300. 
Example: 

Find the actual board measure contents of a log 60 inches mean circumference 
and 50 feet in length. 
Process : 

60 x 60 equals 3600, the square of the circumference. 

3600 x 100, (twice 50, the length,) equals 360,000. 

360,000 divided by 300 equals 1200, the board measure contents. 
Note: 

The foregoing rule gives five feet more lumber in every thousand feet a log 
contains than if computed by the long and tedious rule of geometry and is suffi- 
ciently correct for all practical purposes. 

The circumference of a log or circle multiplied by 0.31831 will give the diameter. 

The diameter multiplied by 3 — 1/7 or for greater "accuracy" by 3.1416 will 
give the circumference of a log or circle. 

HOW TO SAW TIMBERS 

Diagram Illustrating Correct Method of Making* Two Timbers Out of a Itog 




When it is necessary to make two sound timbers out of a large log, splitting 
through the heart should always be avoided, and if the following system is adopted 
better timbers will be produced, and the danger of exposing heart shakes will 
be greatly minimized. 

Presume it is necessary to make two 12x12 timbers out of a log 32 inches in 
diameter. Square up a 12x28^ (the % inch allows for two cuts % inch Kerf), 
then cut the first timber, and if free from heart shakes, turn cant over and saw 
off 4 inches, and you will then have the second timber on the carriage. If after 
the first cut, shakey heart or other defects are exposed, without turning cant 
make another cut of 4 inches, which leaves a 12x12 on the carriage, and a glance 
will show whether it is suitable or not for required order. 



44 



LUMBERMAN'S AND LOGGER'S GUIDE 




To find the diameter of a log: to make a 'square timber, divide one side of 
square by .707, or for practical purposes add a cipher to one side of square and 
divide by 7. 

To find the largest size square timber that can be made out of a log*, multiply 
diameter by 7 and divide by 10. 
Examples: 

What is the diameter of a log- that will make a timber 21 inches square. 
Process : 

21 
10 

7)210 

30 inches diameter. Answer. 
What size timber can be made out of a log 40 inches in diameter? 
40 

7 

10)280 

28 inches square. Answer. 

TABLE SHOWING THE DIAMETER OF A LOG OTSCES8ARY TO MAKE A 

SQUARE TIMBER 



Diameter Size of 

of log. Timber. 

14% 10x10 

16 11x11 

17 12x12 

18% 13x13 

20 14x14 

2.1% . 15x15 

23 16x16 

24% 17x17 

25% 18x18 

27 19x19 

28% 20x20 

30 . 21x21 

31% 22x22 

33 23x23 



Diameter Size of 

of log. Timber. 

34 24x24 

35% 25x25 

37 26x26 

38% 27x27 

40 . .. : 28x28 

41% 29x29 

42% 30x30 

44 31x31 

45% 32x32 

47 33x33 

48% 34x34 

49% 35x35 

50% 36x36 



LUMBERMAN'S AND LOGGER'S GUIDE 



45 



KNOTS AND HOW THEY ARE CLASSIFIED 

DOUGLAS FIR 

A Pin Knot does not exceed half inch in diameter. 

Round Knots are of a circular or oval formation, the average measurement 
across the face being considered the diameter. ™uieui«nx 

Spike and Slash Knots are the same, and mean that the knot is sawn in n 
lengthwise direction. * 

Encased Knots usually are found in upper stock and are recognized bv th* 
ring of pitch which surrounds them; the knots on the outside of a nlank m v 
be encased, while on the heart side they are solid. v^"«. may 

A thorough knowledge of knots is essentially of the utmost importance when 
grading lumber. w*«*u 

Knots spring from the heart in the same direction as the snokes do frnm 
the hub of a wheel. u 1Iom 




The above illustration shows a 6 x 12 that has been sawn through the heart; 
the knots shown are classified as spike or slash. 

The majority of knots are black at outside point, and encased about one-third 
the distance from outside point to the heart center. 

The encased knots that penetrate lumber of one inch in thickness are liable 
to come out when seasoned and then surfaced; the damage is mostly caused by 
the force of the knife striking and loosening some of the knots as the board 
passes through the planer. 

In lumber two inches and over in thickness, and of number 1 and 2 Merchantable, 
grade, it is only in very rare instances that the knots come out. 

Special attention should be paid to the grain surrounding the knots, and the 
direction it takes, as this indicates more than anything else the strength ol 
the piece. 

THE DOYLE RULE 

The Doyle Rule is variously known as the Connecticut River Rule, the St.- 
Croix Rule, the Thurber Rule, the Moore and Beeman Rule, and the Scribner 
Rule — the last name due to the fact that it is now printed in Scribner's Lumber 
and Log Book. It is used throughout the entire country, and is more widely 
employed than any other rule. It is constructed by deducting 4 inches from the 
small diameter of the log as an allowance for slab, squaring one-quarter of the 
remainder, and multiplying the result by the length of the log in feet. 

The important feature of the formula is that the width of slab is always 
uniform, regardless of the size of the log. This waste allowance is altogether 
too small for large logs and is excessive for small ones. The principal is mathe- 
matically incorrect, for the product of perfect logs of different sizes follows an 
entirely different mathematical law, and it is, therefore, astonishing that this 
incorrect rule, which gives wrong results for both large and small logs, should 
have so general a use. 

Where the loss by defects in the timber and waste in milling have accidentally 
about balanced the inaccuracies of the rule, fairly accurate results have been 
obtained. Frequently, however, mill men recognize the shortcomings of the rule 
and make corrections to meet their special requirements. In general, the mill 
cut overruns the Doyle log scale by about 25 per cent, for 'short logs 12 to 20 inches 
in diameter; and for long logs with a small top diameter the overrun is very 
much higher. 



4fr LUMBERMAN'S AND LOGGER'S GUID E 

DESCRIPTION OF BRITISH COLUMBIA LOG SCALE 

AS AUTHORIZED BY THE BRITISH COLUMBIA GOVERNMENT 

Deduct one and a half inches from the mean diameter in inches at the small 
end of the log. 

Square the result and multiply by .7854 to find area. 

Deduct three elevenths. 

Divide by 12 to bring to board measure and multiply by the length of the 
log in feet. 

The above is intended to apply to all logs whose length is not greater than 
40 feet. 

It is further provided that in cases of logs over 40 feet in length an allow- 
ance on half the length of the log is made, in order to compensate for the increase 
in diameter; this allowance consists of an increase in the mean diameter at the 
small end of one inch for each additional 10 feet in length over 40 feet. In other 
words, in cases of logs from 42 to 50 feet long the contents of half the length 
of the log are to be computed according to the mean diameter at the small end, 
the contents of the other half of the log according to a diameter one inch greater 
than the mean diameter at the small end; in cases of logs from 52 to 60 feet 
long, the contents of half the log according to the mean diameter at the small 
end, and those of the other half according to a diameter two inches greater than 
the mean at the small end, and so on; the contents of the second half to be 
computed according to a diameter one inch greater than that of the mean at the 
small end for each additional 10 feet in length after 40 feet. 

It was not, however, considered necessary to extend the table for a length 
of log greater than 40 feet, as the contents of such a log of given diameter may 
be obtained with sufficient accuracy by adding the tabular contents of half the 
length of the log at the given diameter to the tabular contents of a similar 
log at a diameter increased one inch for each additional 10 feet in length beyond 
40 feet. 

AS PROVIDED UNDER SECTION 6 OF THE "ROYALTY ACT." 

Cedar 

No. 1. — Logs 16 feet and over in length. 20 inches and over in diameter, 
that will cut out 50 per cent, or over of their scaled contents in clear inch 
lumber: Provided that in cases of split timber the foregoing diameter shall not 
apply as the minimum diameter for this grade. 

No. 2. — Shingle grade. Dogs not less than 16 inches in diameter and not 
less than 16 feet in length that are better than No. 3 grade, but not grade No. 1. 

No. 3. — Rough logs or tops suitable only for shiplap or dimension. 

Culls. — Dogs lower in grade than No. 3 shall be classed as culls. 

Douglas Pir 

No. 1. — Dogs suitable for flooring, reasonably straight, not less than 20 
feet long, not less than 30 inches in diameter, clear, free from such defects 
as would impair the value for clear lumber. 

No. 2. — Dogs not less than 14 inches in diameter, not over 24 feet long or 
not less than 12 inches in diameter, and over 24 feet, sound, reasonably straight, 
free from rotten knots or bunch-knots, and the grain straight enough to ensure 
strength. 

No. 3. — Logs having visible defects, such as bad crooks, bad knots, or other 
defects that would impair the value and lower the grade of lumber below 
merchantable. 

Culls. — Logs lower in grade than No. 3 will be classed as culls. 

Spruce, Pine, and Cottonwood 

No. 1. — Logs 12 feet and over in length, .30 inches in diameter and over 
up to 32 feet long, 24 inches if over 32 feet long, reasonably straight, clear, 
free from such defects as would impair the value of clear lumber. 

No. 2. — Logs not less than 14 inches in diameter and not over 24 feet, or 
not less than. 12 inches in diameter and over 24 feet long, sound, reasonably 
straight, free from rotten knots or bunch-knots, and the grain straight enough 
to ensure strength. 

Np.. 3. — Logs having visible defects, such as bad crooks, bad knots, or 
other defects that would lower the grade of lumber below merchantable. 

Culls. — Logs lower in grade than No. 3 will be classed as culls. 

Diameter measurements, wherever referred to in this Schedule, shall be 
taken at the small end of the log. 



LUMBERMAN'S AND LOGGER'S GUIDE 



47 



BRITISH COLUMBIA LOG TABLE 

CONTENTS OP LOGS IN BOAED FEET 



Diameter in Inches 



Length 
In Ft. 


11 

1 


12 


„ 


14 


15 


16 


17 


18 


19 


20 


10 


| 43 
1 52 
| 60 
| 69 
| 77 
1 . 86 
| 95 
| 103 
| 112 
! 120 
| 129 
| 137 
| 146 
| 155 
| 163 
| 172 


52 

63 

73 

84 

94 

105 

115 

126 

136 

147 

157 

168 

178 

189 

199 

210 


63 
76 
88 
101 
113 
126 
138 
151 
164 
176 
189 
201 

214 

| 227 

239 

| 252 


74 
89 
104 
119 
134 
149 
164 
178 
193 
208 
223 
238 
253 
268 
283 
[ 297 


87 100 
104 120 

121 140 

139 160 

156 180 

174 200 

191 220 

208 240 

226 | 260 

243 j 280 

260 | 300 

278 I 320 

295 340 ' 

312 | 360 

330 | 380 

1 
347 1 400 


114 
137 
160 
183 
206 
229 
252 
274 
297 
320 
343 
366 
389 
412 
435 
457 


130 
156 
181 
207 
233 
259 
285 
311 
337 
363 
389 
415 
441 
467 
492 
518 


146 
175 
204 
233 
262 
292 
321 
350 
379 
408 
437 
466 
496 
525 
554 
583 


163 


12 


195 


14 


228 


16 


261 


18 


293 


20 


326 


22 


358 


24 


391 


26 


424 


28 


456 


30 


489 


32 


521 


34 


554 


36 


586 


38 


619 


40 


652 










Diameter 


in Incr 


Les 








Leu gft h. 
in Ft. 


21 


22 


1 23 


24 


i - 


26 


| V 


28 


1 

29 


1 

30 


10 


| 181 
| 217 
| 253 
| 290 
| 326 
| 362 
| 398 
| 434 
| 471 
| 507 
| 543 
| 579 
| 615 
| 652 
I 688 
| 724 


| 200 
| 240 
| 280 
| 320 
| 360 
| 400 
| 440 
| 480 
| 520 
| 560 
| 600 
| 640 
| 680 
| 720 
| 760 
| 800 


1 220 
| 264 
| 308 
| 352 
| 396 
| 440 
| 484 
| 528 
| 572 
| 616 
| 660 
| 704 
| 748 
| 792 
| 836 
| 880 


1 
| 241 1 263 

| 289 | 315 

1 
| 337 | 368 

| 386 | 421 

| 434 1 473 

| 482 | 526 

| 530 | 578 

| 578 | 631- 

| 626 | 683 

1 
| 675 | 736 

| 723 | 789 

1 
[ 771 | 841 

1 
| 819 | 894 

1 
[ 868 | 946 

i 916 | 999 

| 964 | 1051 


| 286 

343 

| 400 

| 457 

| 514 

| 571 

| 629 

| 686 

| 743 

800 

857 

f 914 

| 971 

| 1029 

| 1086 

1143 


| 310 

1 

| 371 

433 
| 495 
| 557 
| 619 

681 

743 
| 805 
' 867 

929 

L 

990 
1052 
1114 
1176 
1238 


334 

401 

468 

535 

602 

669 

735 

802 

869 

936 

1003 

1070 

1137 

1203 

1270 

1337 


360 

432 

504 

576 

648 

720 

792 

864 

936 

1008 

1080 

1152 

1224 

1296 

1368 

1440 


387 


12 


464 


14 


541 


16 


619 


18 

20 


696 
773 


22 


851 


24 


928 


26 

28 


1005 
1083 


30 


1160 


32 


1237 


34 


1315 


36 

38 


1392 
1469 


40 


1547 



48 



LUMBERMAN'S AND LOGGER'S GUIDE 



BRITISH COLUMBIA LOG TABLE— Continued 

CONTENTS OF LOGS IN BOARD FEET 



Length 
in Ft. 



Diameter in Inches 



31 



32 



33 



34 



35 



36 



37 



38 


39 


634 


669 


761 


803 


888 


937 


1015 


1071 


1141 


1205 


1268 


1340 


1395 


1473 


1522 


1606 


1649 


1740 


1776 


1874 


1902 


2008 


2030 


2142 


2156 


2276 


2283 


2410 


2410 


2544 


2537 


2677 



40 



10 
12 
14 
16 
18 
20 
22 
24 
26 
28 
30 
32 
34 
36 
38 
40 



414 

| 497 

| 580 

| 663 

| 746 

| 828 

| 911 

f 994 

| 1077 

I, 

| 1160 

| 1243 

| 1326 

I 1408 

| 1491 

| 1574 

1 1657 



443 | 
531 | 
620 | 
708 | 

797 | 

886 | 
974 | 

1063 ! 

1151 I 



1240 



1417 I 
1506 I 
1594 | 
1683 ] 
1771 | 



472 

567 

661 

756 

850 

945 

1039 

1134 

1228 

1322 

1417 

1511 

1606 

1700 

1795 



503 | 534 



603 



641 
748 



567 
680 
793 



600 
720 
840 



704 | 

I I 
804 | 855 | 906] 960 

905 | 962 | 1020 | 1080 

1005 | 1068 | 1133 | 1200 

I. I 



1106 | 1175 | 1246 
1207 I 1282 I 1360 



1307 
1408 
1508 



1389 1 1473 
1496 | 1586 
1603 | 1700 
1709 I 1813 



1709 



t 1816 I 



1926 



1320 
1440 
1560 
| 1680 
1800 
1920 
2040 
2160 



1810 | 1923 1 2040 

I I 
1911 | 2030 I 2153 2280 

I ! I 

2011 [ 2137 | 2266 | 2400 



706 
847 
988 
1129 
1270 
1411 
1552 
1693 
1834 
1976 
2117 
2258 
2399 
2540 



Length 
in Ft. 



Diameter in Inches 



41 



42 



43 



44 



45 



46 



47 



48 


49 


1029 


1074 


1235 


1289 


1441 


1504 


1647 


1718 


1853 


1933 


2058 


2148 


2264 


2363 


2470 


2578 


2676 


2792 
3007 


2882 


3088 


3222 


3294 


3437 


3499 


3652 


3705 


3866 


3911 


4081 


4117 


4296 



50 



10 
12 
14 
16 
18 
20 
22 
24 
26 
28 
30 
32 
34 
36 
38 
40 



,1 743 



. I 891 
.| 1040 
.| 1188 



781 | 

937 | 

1094 | 

1249 | 



820 

984 

1148 



1337 
'. 1485 
.| 1634 



1405 



1312 | 
1476 



860 

1031 

I 
1203 | 

1375 I 



| 1782 
| 1931 
| 2080 
| 2228 
| 2377 
,| 2525 
I 2674 



1562 | 

I 

1718 1 



| 1476 I 1547 ] 



1640 | 
1804 | 



1891 



901 
1081 
1261 
1441 
1621 
1801 
1982 
2162 



1874 I 1967 | 2063 | 

I I I 
2030 | 2131 | 2235 | 2342 



2186 | 
2342 | 



2295 
2459 



2407 | 
2579 | 



2522 
2702 



2498 1 2623 | 2751 j 2882 



2971 



2655 | 2787 | 
2951 | 
3115 

3123 | 3279 



2923 



2811 | 
2967 I 



3062 

3094 | 3242 
I 
3423 

3603 



3266 | 
3438 | 



943 
1131 
1320 
1508 
1697 



2074 
2262 
2451 
2639 
2828 

| 3016 
3205 

i 



1183 
1380 
1577 
1774 
1971 
| 2168 



| 2365 | 

| 2562 | 

| 2759 | 

| 2956 [ 

| 3153 | 

| 3350 | 

| 3548 I 
3745 



3582 

i 

( 3770 | 3942 



1120 
1344 
1568 
1791 
2015 
2239 



| 2911 
3135 
3359 
3583 
3807 
4031 
4255 
4479 



LUMBERMAN'S AND LOGGER'S GUIDE 



49 



BRITISH COLUMBIA LOG TABLE— Continued 

CONTENTS OF LOGS IN BOARD FEET 



Length 
in Ft. 



Diameter in Inches 



51 



53 



54 



55 



56 



57 



58 



59 



60 



10 
12 
14 
16 
18 
20 
22 
24 
26 
28 
30 
32 
34 
36 
38 
40 



I 1166 
| 1400 
! 1633 

1866 
| 2099 
| 2333 

2565 
| 2799 

3032 
J 3266 
I 3499 
] 3732 
| 3965 
| 4199 
| 4432 

4665 



1214 | 1262 



I 
1457 1 

1699 | 

1942 

2185 | 

2428 | 



1515 | 
1767 I 



J, I I 
1312 | 1360 | 1414 | 1466 

I I I 
1574 | 1632 | 1697 ) 1759 

I ! I 

1837 | 1904 | 1979 | 2053 



2272 | 

I 
2525 | 

I 



2099 | 2176 ) 2262 

I I 
2362 | 2448 | 2545 

I I 



2346 
2639 



| 1520 
| 1823 
| 2127 
2431 
| 2735 



2913 | 

3156 I 
I 

3399 | 
I 

3642 | 

3885 | 
4127 | 
4370 | 
4613 | 
4856 | 



2624 | 2721 | 2828 | 2932 | 3039 

| 2993 | 3110 I 3226 | 

\ I II I 

3030 3149 | 3265 | 3393 | 3519 



2671 1 2777 | 2886 



I 
3282 | 

3535 | 

3787 | 

4040 I 

I 
4292 | 

4545 I 

4797 | 

5050 | 



3411 | 3537 I 3676 | 3812 

I I 
3674 | 3809 | 3959 | 4105 

I I I 
3936 | 4081 | 4242 | 4399 

4198 | 4353 | 4524 | 4692 

4461 | 4625 | 4807 | 4985 

4723 | 4897 | 5090 1 5278 

4986 | 5169 | 5373 | 5572 

5248 5441 5655 I 5865 



, 3343 
| 3647 

3951 
| 4255 
| 4559 
| 4862 
| 5166 
| 5470 
I 5774 

6078 



1574 
1889 
2203 
2518 
2833 
3148 
3462 
3777 
4092 
4407 
4721 

| 5036 
5351 

I 5666 
5980 
6295 



Length 
In Ft. 



Diameter in Inches 



61 



63 



64 



65 



67 



10 

12 
14 
16 
18 
20 
22 



| 1685 



. j 2359 
| 2696 



. | 3033 

| 3370 

3707 

| 4044 



1745 | 
2094 | 
2443 | 
2791 | 
3140 | 
3489 | 



26 | 4381 



30 
32 
34 
36 



I 

I 

J 5730 

| 6067 

.1 6404 



| 4718 

J 5055 

5393 



4187 

I" 
4536 | 

4885 | 

5234 | 

5583 | 



5932 



6281 | 



40 | 6741 



1800 
2160 
2520 
2881 
3241 | 
3601 | 
3961 | 
4321 | 
4681 | 
5041 | 
5401 | 
5761 | 
6121 | 

6481 | 

I, 
6841 



3347 | 3455 

3719 | 3839 

4091 I 4223 

4463 | 4606 

I 
4834 | 4990 

5206 | 5374 



| 2376 
| 2772 
| 3168 
| 3565 
3961 
4357 
| 4753 
| 5149 
| 5545 



6979 1 7201 



5578 | 5758 | 5941 

5950 | 6142 | 6337 

6322 | 6526 | 6733 

6694 | 6910 | 7129 

I I 
7066 | 7293 I 7525 

7437 | 7677 | 7921 



J 2451 
2859 
3267 
3676 

| 4084 
4493 

| 4901 

| 5310 

I 

I 



I ! I I 
1859 | 1919 J 1980 J 2042 j 2105 j 2169 

2231 | 2303 

2603 | 2687 

2975 | 3071 



5718 
6126 
6535 
6943 
7352 
7760 
8169 



2947 

3368 

3789 

4210 

4631 

5052 

5473 

| 5894 

I 6315 

| 6736 

7157 

7578 

7999 

8420 



3036 
3470 
3904 
4338 
4771 



5639 
6073 
6506 
6940 
7374 



8241 
8675 



50 



LUMBERMAN'S AND LOGGER'S GUIDE 



SCRIBNER LOG TABLE 

CONTENTS OP LOGS IN BOARD FEET 



Diameter in Inches 



Length 
InPt. 



12 



13 | 14 



15 | 



16 



17 


18 


19 


232 


267 


300 


255 


294 


330 


278 


320 


360 


302 


347 


390 


325 


374 


420 


348 


400 


450 


371 


427 


480 


394 


454 


510 


418 


481 


540 


441 


507 


570 


464 


534 


600 


487 


561 


630 


510 


587 


660 


534 


614 


690 


557 


641 


720 


580 


667 


750 


603 


694 


780 


626 


721 


810 


650 


748 


840 


673 


774 


870 


696 


801 


900 


719 


828 


930 


742 


854 


960 


766 


881 


990 


789 


908 


1020 


812 


934 


1050 



20 
22 
24 
26 
28 
30 
32 
34 
36 
38 
40 
42 
44 
46 
48 
50 
52 
54 
56 
58 



64 
66 



70 



108 | 
118 | 
127 J 
137 J 
147 | 
157 | 
167 I 
176 | 
186 | 
196 I 
206 | 
216 | 
225 | 
235 | 
245 | 
255 | 
265 | 
274 
284 
294 
304 | 
314 I 
323 | 
333 | 
343 I 



122 | 

134 I 

146 | 

I 

159 I 

171 

183 

195 

207 ] 

220 | 

232 | 

I 
244 | 

256 | 

268 | 

281 | 

293 I 

305 | 

317 | 

329 | 

342 

354 

366 

378 | 

390 | 

403 | 

415 ] 

427 | 



143 

157 

172 

186 

200 

214 

229 

243 

257 | 

272 | 

286 I 

300 | 

315 

329 

343 

357 

372 

386 

400 

405 

429 

443 ] 

458 | 

472 | 

486 J 

500 | 



178 | 

196 I 
I 

214 | 
I 

231 | 
1 

249 | 

267 | 

285 | 
I 
303 

320 

I 
338 | 

356 

374 

392 I 

409 I 

427 | 



I 
445 | 

I 
463 | 

I 
481 | 

I 
498 | 

516 

534 | 

552 | 
I 
570 

587 I 

. I 
605 | 

I 



198 
218 
238 
257 
277 
297 
317 
337 
356 
376 
396 
416 
436 
455 
475 
495 
515 
535 
554 
574 
594 
614 
634 
653 
673 
693 



350 

385 

420 

455 

490 

525 

560 

595 

630 

665 

700 

735 

770 

805 

840 

875 

910 

945 

980 

1015 

1050 

1085 

1120 

1155 

1190 

1225 



LUMBERMAN'S AND LOGGER'S GUIDE 



51 



SORIBNER LOG TABLE— Continued 



CONTENTS OF LOGS IN BOARD FEET 



Iieng-th 
In Ft. 









Diameter in Inches 








21 

1 1 


22 | 

1 


23 


1 
24 


25 


26 


27 


28 


29 


30 


| 380 


418 | 


470 


505 


573 


1 
625 


684 


728 


761 


821 


| 418 


460 | 


517 


555 


630 


687 


752 


801 


837 


903 


I 456 


502 1 


564 


606 


688 


750 


821 


874 


913 


985 


| 494 


543 | 


1 
611 


656 


745 


812 


889 


946 


989 


1067 


| 532 


587 | 


658 


707 


802 


875 


958 


1019 


1065 


1149 


| 570 


627 | 


705 


757 


859 


937 


1026 


1092 


1141 


1231 


| 608 


669 | 


752 


808 


917 


1000 


1094 


1165 


1218 


1314 


| 646 


711 | 


799 


858 " 


974 


1062 " 


1162 


1238 


1294 


1396 


I 684 


752 | 
794 | 


846 
893 


909 
959 


1031 
1089 


1125 
1187 


1231 
1300 


1310 
1383 


1370 
1446 


1478 


1 1 
| 722 


1560 


1 760 


836 | 

878 

920 

961 

1003 

1045 

1087 

1129 

1170 

1212 

1254 

1296 

1338 

| 1379 

| 1421 

| 1463 


940 

987 

1034 

1 
1081 

1128 

1175 

1222 

1269 

1316 

1363 

1410 

1457 

1504 

1551 

1598 

1645 


1010 
1060 
1111 
1161 
1212 
1262 
1313 
1363 
1414 
1464 
1515 
1565 
1616 
| 1666 
| 1717 
| 1767 


1146 

1203 

1261 

1318 

1375 

1432 

1490 

1547 

1604 

1662 

1719 

| 1776 

1834 

| 1891 

| 1948 

| 2005 


1250 
1 1312 

1375 
| 1437 
| 1500 
| 1562 
| 1625 
| 1687 
| 1750 
| 1812 
| 1875 
| 1937 
| 2000 
| 2062 
| 2125 
| 2187 


1368 

1436 

1505 

1572 

1642 

1710 

1778 

1847 

1915 

| 1984 

| 2052 

[ 2120 

2189 

| 2257 

| 2326. 

| 2394 


1456 
1529 
1602 
1674 
1747 
1820 
1893 
1966 
2038 
2111 
2184 
2257 
2330 
! 2402 
| 2475 
| 2548 


1522 
1598 
1674 
1750 
1826 
1902 
1979 
2055 
2131 
2207 
2283 
2359 
2435 
2511 
2587 
2663 


1642 


1 1 
| 798 


1724 


| 836 


1806 


| 874 


1888 


I 1 

I 912 


1970 


1 

| 950 


2052 


| 988 


2135 


1 

| 1026 


2217 


I 1064 


2299 


! 1102 ' 


2381 


. | 1140 


2463 


1 
. | 1178 


2545 


1 1216 


2627 


1 
. | 1254 


2709 


1 
. 1292 


1 2791 


I 1 
.| 1330 


| 2873 



20 
22 
24 
26 
28 
30 
32 
34 
36 
38 
40 
42 
44 
46 
48 
50 
52 
54 
56 
58 
60 
62 
64 
66 
68 
70 



52 



LUMBERMAN'S AND LOGGER'S GUIDE 



SCRIBNER LOG TABLE— Continued 



CONTENTS OF LOGS IN BOARD FEET 





Diameter in Indies 


Length 
In Ft. 


- 


32 


33 


34 


35 


36 


37 


38 


39 


40 


20 


| 888 

977 

1 
| 1066 

1154 

1 
1243 

1332 

1 
| 1421 

1 
1510 

1 
| 1598 

1687 

1776 

1865 

1954 

| 2042 

2131 

| 2220 

| 2309 

| 2398 

| 2486 

2575 

| 2664 

2753 

1 2842 

2930 

3019 

| 3108 


920 
1012 
1104 
1196 
1288 
1380 
1472 
1564 
1656 
1748 
1840 
1932 
2024 
2116 
2208 
2300 
2392 
2484 
2576 
2668 
| 2760 
2852 
2944 
3036 
3128 
3220 


980 
1078 
1176 
1274 
1372 
1470 
1568 
1666 
1764 
1862 
1960 
2058 
2156 
2254 
2352 
2450 
2548 

| 2646 
2744 
2842 
2940 

| 3038 
3136 
3234 
3332 
3430 


1000 

1100 

1200 

1300 

1400 

1500 

16O0 

1700 

1800 

1900 

2000 

2100 

2200 

2300 

2400 

2500 

2600 

2700 

2800 

2900 

3000" 

3100 

3200 

3300 

3400 

3500 


1095 
1204 
1314 
1423 
1533 
1642 
1752 
1861 
1971 
2080 
2190 
2299 
2409 
2518 
2628 
2737 
2847 
2956 
3066 
3175 
3285 
3394 
3504 
3613 
3723 
3832 


1152 
1267 
1382 
1498 
1613 
1728 
1843 
1958 
2074 
2189 
2304 
2419 
2534 
2650 
2765 
2880 
2995 
3110 
3226 
3341 
3456 
3571 
3686 
3802 
3917 
4032 


1287 
1416 
1544 
1673 
1802 
1930 
2059 
2188 
2317 
2445 
2574 
2703 
2831 
2960 
3089 
3217 
3346 
3475 
3604 
3732 
3861 
3990 
4118 
4247 
4376 
4504 


1335 
1468 
1602 
1735 
1869 
2002 
2136 
2269 
2403 
2536 
2670 
2803 
2937 
3070 
3204 
3337 
3471 
3604 
3738 
3871 
4005 
4138 
4272 
4405 
4538 
4672 


1400 
1540 
1680 
1820 
1960 
2100 
2240 
2380 
2520 
2660 
2800 
2940 
3080 
3220 
3360 
3500 
3640 
3780 
3920 
4060 
4200 
4340 
4480 
4620 
4760 
4900 


1505 




1655 


24 


1806 




1956 


28 


2107 


30 


2257 


32 


2408 


34 


2558 


36 


2709 


38 


2859 


40 


3010 


42 


3160 


44 


3311 


46 


3461 


48 


3612 


50 


3762 




3913 


54 


4063 




4214 


58 


4364 


60 

62 


4515 
4665 




4816 


66 


4966 




5117 


70 


5267 



LUMBERMAN'S AND LOGGER'S GUIDE 



53 



SCRIBNER LOG TABLE— Continued 

CONTENTS OF LOGS IN BOARD FEET 



Length 
In Ft. 



Diameter in Inches 



41 



42 



43 | 

I 



44 



45 



46 



47 



48 



49 



50 




1983 ) 2070 | 2160 

I I 
2181 2277 



2380 I 2484 

2578 | 2691 

2776 | 2898 

2974 | 3105 

3173 ] 3312 

3371 | 3519 

I 
3569 | 3726 

3768 | 3933 

I 
3966 1 4140 



4164 


4347 


4363 


4554 


4561 


4761 


4759 


4968 


4957 


5175 



2376 
2592 



3024 
3240 
3456 
3672 



4104 
4320 
4536 
4752 
4968 
5184 
5400 



2246 
2471 
2695 
2920 
3124 
3369 
3594 
3818 
4043 
4267 
4492 
4717 
4941 
5166 
5390 
5615 



Diameter in Inches 



Length 
In Ft. 



I 
56 | 57 



59 



20 
22 
24 
26 
28 
30 
32 
34 
36 
38 
40 
42 
44 
46 
48 
50 



. | 2434 | 
.| 2677 | 

. I 2921 | 
I I 

.1 3164 I 
I I 

.| 3408 | 



3036 



2530 | 2630 I 
2783 j 2893 
3156 I 
3419 | 
3682 



I 

I 

2730 | 

3003 I 3115 

3276 | 

I 

3549 | 



I 3651 | 
| 3894 | 



3542 | 

I 

3795 | 

4048 | 



. I 4138 

I 
.| 4381 | 

I I 



4301 

4554 | 4734 | 
I I 
4625 | 4807 | 



4997 | 
| 4868 | 5060 ! 5260 | 



. | 5111 | 
I I 
. | 5355 | 

.| 5598 | 
I I 
. | 5842 | 



5313 | 5523 

I 



3965 | 

3945 J 4095 ] 4248 i 
I 
4531 | 

4814 | 

I 

5098 | 

5381 I 

I 
5664 1 

5947 



I 
4471 | 



4368 j 

4641 | 

4914 | 

5187 I 

I 

5460 | 

5733 I 



3232 
3526 
3819 
4113 
4407 
4701 
4995 1 



3044 
3348 
3653 
3957 
4262 
4566 
4870 
5175 
5479 
5784 



5876 
6170 



5566 | 5786 | 6006 | 6230 | 6464 



5819 | 6049 | 



6072 I 6312 I 



6279 | 

I 
6552 I 



I 
6514 | 

6797 I 



6085 | 6325 | 6575 | 6825 | 7080 



6757 
7051 
7345 



6697 
7001 
7306 
7610 



3154 
3469 
3785 
4100 
4416 
4731 
5046 
5262 
5677 



6623 



7254 
7570 
7885 | 



3266 

3593 

3919 

4246 

4572 

4899 

5226 

5552 

5879 

6205 

6532 I 

6859 

7185 

7512 

7838 

8165 



54 



LUMBERMAN'S AND LOGGER'S GUIDE 



SCRIBNER LOG TABLE— Continued 

CONTENTS OF LOGS IN BOARD FEET 



Dengfth 
In Ft. 



Diameter in Inches 



ex, 1 



20 | 3496 | 

I I 

22 ...... | 3846 | 

I 1 

24 | 4195 | 

26 | 4545 | 

I I 

28 ... I 4894 | 

I I 

30 | 5244 | 

I i 

32 5594 | 

I | 

34 | 5943 | 

36 | 6293 | 

38 | 6642 * 

I J 

40 | 6992 | 

42 | 7342 \ 

44 '. | 7691 | 

| I 

46 | 8041 1 

48 I 8390 | 

I I 

50 | 8740 [ 



62 


1 

63 | 


64 


1 
65 | 


66 | 


! 
67 | 


68 


69 | 


70 


3614 


| 3734 


3858 


1 
| 3982 


1 
4110 | 


1 
4240 | 


4374 


4510 


1 

4648 


3975 


| 4107 


4244 


4380 


4521 | 


4664 1 


4811 


4961 


5113 


4337 


j 4481 


4630 


4778 


4932 | 


5088 | 


5249 


5412 


5578 


4698 


| 4854 


[ 5015 


5177 


5343 | 


5512 1 


5686 


5863 


6042 


5060 


| 5223 


5401 


5575 | 


5754 | 


5936 | 


6124 


6314 


6507 


5421 


| 5601 


5787 


5973 


6165 | 


6360 | 


6561 


6765 


6972 


5782 


| 5974 


6173 


6371 | 


6576 | 


6784 j 


6998 


7216 


7437 


6144 


| 6348 


6559 


6769 | 


6987 | 


7208 | 


7436 


7667 


7902 


6505 


| 6721 


6944 


7168 | 


7398 1 


7632 | 


7873 


3118 


8366 


6867 


7095 


7330 


7566 | 


7809 | 


8056 | 


8311 


8569 


8831 


7228 


7468 


7716 


7964 | 


8220 j 


8480 1 


8748 


9020 


9296 


7^589 


7841 


8102 


8362 | 


8631 | 


8904 | 


9185 


9471 


9761 


7951 


8215 


8488 


8760 | 


9042 | 


9328 | 


9622 


9922 


10226 


8312 


8588 


8874 


9158 | 


9453 1 


9752 | 


10060 


10373 


10791 


8674 


8962 


9260 


9556 | 


9864 I 


10176 | 


10498 


10824 


11156 


9035 


I 9335 


9645 


9955 | 


10275 | 


10600 | 


10935 


11275 


11620 



THE SCRIBNER RUDE 

This is the oldest log scale now in general use. It was originally published 
in Scribner's Lumber and Log Book, in later editions of which it was replaced 
-by the Doyle Rule. It is now usually called the "Old Scribner Rule," and is 
used to some extent in nearly every state. The rule was based on computations 
derived from diagrams drawn to show the number of inch boards that can 
be sawed from logs of different sizes after allowing for waste. The contents 
of these boards was then calculated and the table built up in this way. Some- 
times the Scribner Rule is converted into what is known as the Scribner 
Decimal Rule by dropping the units and rounding the values to the nearest 
tens. Thus 107 board feet would be written 11 in the Decimal Rule; 104 would 
be written 10. The Hyslbp Rule is practically the same as the Scribner Decimal 
Rule. The Scribner Rule is known in Minnesota as the Minnesota Standard Rule. 
In the original table no values were given below a diameter of 12 inches. 

In the judgment of most sawyers, the Scribner Rule gives very fair results 
for small logs cut 1 by circular saws (about 8 gauge), but that for larger logs, 
about 28 inches, for example, the results are too 'small. It often happens 
that defects are . greater in large logs than in small ones, because the larger 
are from Older trees, which are more likely to be overmature. Even with these, 
however .the Scribner Rule is fairly satisfactory if the scaler does not make 
a further deduction for defects. As a matter of fact, a log rule should make 
no allowance for defect, because that is unfair to high-grade 'sound logs; only 
the scaler should make such allowance. In sound logs the saw cut has been 
known to overrun the Scribner scale from 10 to 20 per cent. 

The Forest Service of the United States Department of Agriculture has 
adopted the Scribner Decimal Rule for timber sales on the National Forests. 
It has been in use for about four years and, in the main, has proved satisfactory, 
since competitive bids enable the buyer to bid higher if the character of the 
loss indicates a mill overrun. 



LUMBERMAN'S AND LOGGER'S GUIDE 



5& 



SPAULDING LOG TABLE 

CONTENTS OF LOGS IN BOARD FEET 



Length 
In Ft. 



Diameter in Inches 



12 



16 
18 
20 
22 
24 
26 
28 
30 
32 
34 
36 
38 
40 
42 
44 
46 
48 
50 
52 
54 
56 
58 



77 
87 
96 
106 
116 
125 
134 
144 
154 
164 
174 
183 
192 
202 
212 
222 
232 
241 
250 
259 
268 
278 



13 



14 15 



94 
106 
118 
130 
142 
153 
164 
176 
188 
200 
212 
224 
236 
248 
260 
272 
284 
295 
306 
317 
328 
340 



352 I 

I 



114 
129 
143 
157 
172 
186 
200 
214 
228 
243 
258 
272 
286 
300 
314 
329 
344 
358 
372 
386 
400 
414 
428 



137 
154 
171 
188 
206 
223 
240 
257 
274 
291 
308 
325 
342 
359 
376 
394 
412 
429 
446 
463 
480 
497 
514 



16 

161 
181 
201 
221 
242 
262 
282 
302 
322 
342 



17 



18 



19 



20 



188 
211 
235 
258 
282 
304 
328 
352 
376 
398 



362 1 422 

I 

382 | 446 



402 
422 
442 
463 
484 
503 
524 
544 
564 
584 
604 



216 
243 
270 
297 
324 
360 
378 
404 
432 
458 
486 



245 I 276 



276 I 310 



306 I 345 



337 | 379 

I 



368 414 



398 | 448 

I 

I 
423 | 482 



460 | 516 

I 

490 | 552 



520 f 586 

I 



552 I 620 



512 I 582 1 654 



470 
492 
516 

I I 

540 | 620 | 



540 

566 
596 



564 


648 


587 


674 


608 


720 


632 


728 


656 


764 


680 


782 


706 


808 



I 

612 | 690 
I 

644 j 724 



674 \ 758 



704 | 792 
I 

734 | 828 

I 

I 
766 1 861 

I 
796 I 896 



930 
964 
998 

i 

i 

920 I 1032 



56 



LUMBERMAN'S AND LOGGER'S GUIDE 



SPAULDING LOG TABLE— Continued 

CONTENTS OF LOGS IN BOARD FEET 



Diameter in Inches 



length 
In Ft. 



21 



23 



24 



25 



26 



27 



28 



29 



30 



16 
18 
20 
22 
24 
26 
28 
30 
32 
34 
36 
38 
40 



308 | 341 | 376 | 412 



346 I 384 1 423 | 463 



| 449 | 488 



505 549 



. | 385 | 426 j 470 i 515 

till 
. | 423 I 469 I 517 I 566 



594 



561 I 610 | 660 



617 | 671 

i 

732 



726 
792 
858 



I I I 

. I 462 | 512 { 564 | 618 | 674 

1 I J I I 

I 1 J I I 

.| 500 1 554 1 611 | 668| 730 732 

iiftl 

. | 538 1 596 | 658 i 720 I 786 f 854 | 924 

I i I i ! ! ! 

.1 576 | 640 | 704 | 774 | 842 | 915 I 990 

I 1 I I I I I 

I 1 I ( I I 

. I 616 1 682 | 752 I 824 | 898 | 976 I 1056 

( I I I I I I 

I I I I I 

.! 654 | 724 | 798 [ 874 | 954 I 1036 [ 1122 

I I I J I I 
[ II II 

.1 692 | 768 ] 846 | 926 | 1010 | 1098 [ 1188 
1 



569 
640 
711 
782 
854 
924 



46 
48 
50 
52 
54 
56 
58 
60 



I 730 I 810 1 892 I 978 i 1066 1158 I 1254 

I I I I I I I 

1 I I I I 

I 770 I 852 I 940 | 1030 | 1122 | 1220 | 1320 

I I » I I I I 

i i » i i i r 

I 808 I 896 I 986 I 1080 I 1178 1281 1386 

I I I I i I ( 

v i • i i 1 \ 

| 846 I 938 | 1034 I 1134 1 1234 L 1342 ] 1452 

I I I I I 

| | I I I I I 

. | 884 | 980 | 1080 | 1184 | 1290 j 1402 | 1518 

I I I I • I 

f. I J i 

. I 924 ] 1024 I 1128 | 1236 I 1348 j 1464 I 1584 

I I I ! i ! ! 

. I 961 | 1066 | 1174 I 1289 | 1404 | 1524 I 1650 

I ! I ) I I 

.1 1000 J 1108 J 1220 j 1338 j 1460 j 1584 J 1716 

I 



612 
688 
765 
841 
918 
994 
1070 
1146 
1224 
1300 
1376 
1452 
1530 
1606 



i i i i r 

I 1038 1 1151 | 1268 | 1390 | 1516 1 1646 | 1782 
I I I I I I 

'l 1076 | 1192 | 1316 | 1440 | 1572 I 1706 | 1838 

I I I I I f I 

| 1114 ] 1236 | 1362 | 1494 | 1628 | 1768 I 1914 

| | T 1 I I 

. | 1152 | 1280 | 1408 | 1548 ] 1684 I 1830 1 1980 



1066 
| 1138 

1208 

1280 

1352 

1422 

1493 

1565 

1636 1 1758 

1708 1 1836 

1778 | 1911 

1848 

1920 

1992 



2132 



2064 
2140 



2292 



656 
738 
820 
902 
984 
1066 
1148 
1230 
1312 
1394 
1476 
1558 
1640 
1722 
1804 
1886 
1968 
2050 
2132 
2214 



LUMBERMAN'S AND LOGGER'S GUIDE 



57 



SPAULDING LOG TABLE— Continued 

CONTENTS OF LOGS IN BOARD FEET 



Diameter in Inches 



Length 1 

In Ft. | 


1 
31 I 


1 
32 1 


1 1 1 
33 1 34 | 35 | 


I'll 
36 37 38 ] 39 


40 


1 
16 | 


701 | 
789 | 
876 | 
964 | 
1052 | 
1139 | 
1226 | 
1314 | 
1402 | 
1490 | 
1578 | 
1664 | 
1752 | 
1840 | 
1928 | 
2016 | 
2104 | 
2190 | 


748 | 
841 | 
935 | 
1028 | 
1122 | 
1214 | 
1308 | 
1402 | 
1496 | 
1588 | 
1682 | 
1776 | 
1870 | 
1963 1 
2056 | 
2150 I 
2244 | 
2337 1 


', 1 ' 
796 | 845 | 897 | 

1 1 1 
895 | 951 | 1009 1 

1 1 1 
995 | 1056 1 1121 j 

1 1 1 
1094 ] 1162 | 1233 j 

« i 1 
1194 | 1268 | 1346 | 

1 I 
1292 | 1372 1 1458 1 


1 ' 
950 | 1006 

1069 1 1132 

1188 | 1258 1 

1 
1307 | 1384 | 

1 
1426 1 1510 

r i 

1544 | 1634 | 


1 1 
1064 j 1154 1 


1 
18 1 


1197 j 


1 
1264 j 


1333 


20 1 


1330 
1463 
1596 
1728 


1405 | 

1545 

1686 

1826 

1966 

2106 

2248 

2388 

2528 

2668 

2810 

2950 

3090 

3230 

3372 

3512 


1481 


..... 
22 1 


1629 


1 
24 1 


1778 


I 1 
26 1 


1926 


l' 
28 1 


1392 


1 

1478 | 1570 I 

1 1 

1584 [ 1682 I 

1690 | 1794 | 

1796 | 1906 | 

l 1 

1902 | 2018 | 

2006 | 2130 | 

1 1 

2112 | 2242 | 

1 1 

2218 | 2354 | 

• 1 

| 2324 | 2466 1 

1 1 

1 2430 ] 2579 | 

| 2536 | 2692 

1 1 
| 2640 | 2804 

1 ' 


t 1 
1662 | 1760 | 1862 

1782 | 1886 j 1994 


2074 


I 1 
30 1 


1492 

1592 

1690 

1790 

1890 

1990 

2089 ' 

2188 

2288 

2388 

2486 


2222 


32 ,.;...! 

1 
34 1 


1900 | 2012 
2020 1 2138 
2138 | 2264 
2256 | 2390 
2376 I 2516 


2128 
2261 
2394 
2526 
2660 


2370 
2518 


36 1 


2666 


- ! 

40 1 


2814 
2962 


I 1 
42 1 


i r 

2495 | 2642 1 2793 

1 
2614 | 2768 ] 2926 

2732 1 2894 | 3059 

1 
2852 1 3020 i 3192 

2970 1 3144 1 3324 

t ! 


3110 


1 
44 


3258 


1 
46 


3407 


1 
48 


3556 


1 
50 


| 3704 


1 






Diameter in Inches 


1 
Length 
In Ft. 


1 
41 1 


1 
42 1 


43 j 44 I 45 


46 | 47 48 


49 


50 


16 

18 


1248 

1404 

[ 1560 

| 1716 

1 1872 

1 
| 2028 

| 2184 

| 2340 

| 2496 

| 2652 

1 

| 2808 

1 

| 2964 

1 

| 3120 


1312 

1476 

1640 

1804 

1968 

2132 

2296 

2460 

| 2624 

| 2788 

| 2952 

| 3116 

[ 3280 


! > 1 
1377 | 1448 | 1512 | 1581 | 1652 

I'll 
1549 I 1629 1 1701 | 1779 | 1858 

1 1 1 1 
1721| | 1810 | 1890 | 1976 j 2065 

1 1 1 1 
1893 j 1991 ] 2079 | 2174 1 2271 

2066 | 2172 | 2268 | 2372 ] 2478 

i 1 1 1 
2238 1 2352 | 2456 | 2568 | 2684 

11)1 
1 2410 1 2534 | 2646 | 2766 | 2890 

1 1 1 1 
2582 | 2714 ] 2834 | 2964 | 3096 

1 1 1 1 
1 2754 | 2896 | 3024 | 3162 1 3304 

I 1 1 f ' 

1 2926 | 3076 | 3212 I 3360 | 3510 

I'll 
1 3098 1 3258 ! 3402 1 3558 I 3716 

II 1 f 

1 3270 1 3439 ! 3590 j 2755 | 3923 

1 1 1 1 
1 3442 t 3620 | 3780 | 3952 | 4130 


| 1724 
1939 
2155 
2370 
2586 

| 2800 

I 3016 
3232 
3448 
3663 

| 3879 
4094 


1797 

2022 

2246 

2470 

2696 

| 2920 
1 
3144 


1872 
2106 


20 


2340 


22 


2574 


24 


2808 


26 


[ 3044 


28 


I 3276 


30 


! 3370 


t 
3510 


32 


3594 
3819 
4043 
4268 


3744 


34 


3978 


36 

38 


4212 
4446 


40 


4310 j 4492 


I 4680 



58 



LUMBERMAN^ AND, LOGGER'S GUIDE 



SPAULDING LOG TABLE— Continued 

CONTENTS OF LOGS IN BOARD FEET 



Length 
In Ft. 



Diameter in Inches 



51 



52 | 53 



54 



I I .1 
55 | 56 | 57 58 

I I I 



59 60 



16 



18 



20 



24 



26 



28 



30 



32 



1948 



2191 "1 



2435 



2678 



2922 



| 3164 



3408 



| 3652 



I 
2025 | 2104 

I - 

I 

I 
2278 | 2367 

I 

I 

I 
2531 ! 2630 

I" 



2784 | 2893 

I 
I 

3038 | 3156 

I 

I 

I 

3290 | 3418 



I 
3544 | 3682 

I 
, I 

I 3796 I 3944 

I 
I 



2184 



2457 



2730 



3003 



3276 



3548 



2266 | 2350 | 2436 | 2524 | 2613 | 2704 

I I I I i 

i ! I I ! 

2550 I 2644 | 2740 | 2839 | 2940 | 3042 

I i I I I 

I ! I I 

2833 I 2938 I 3045 | 3155 | 3266 3380 
I fill 
i I I I I 
I III I 

3116 1 3232 | 3349 | 3470 | 3592 1 3718 



I 
I 3920 I 4056 



3400 | 3526 | 3654 | 3786 

I I 
I I 
I I 
3682 | 3818 | 3958 | 4100 j 4246 1 4394 

{■ I 

I I 
3966 | 4112 I 4262 

! I 

i i 



4416 



4094 



I 
4572 | 4732 



.| 3896 I 4050 | 4203 

I I i 



4250 I 4406 I 4566 | 4732 4900 5070 

III I 

III I 

ll| I 

I 4368 | 4532 | 4700 I 4872 | 5048 | 5226 | 5408 

J L_ I I ! 



SCALING AND GRADING RULES OF THE COLUMBIA RIVER LOG SCALING 

AND GRADING BUREAU 

No. 1 Log's shall be 30 inches and over in diameter inside the bark at the 
small end and not less than 16 or more than 40 feet in length, and shall, in 
the judgment of the scaler, be practically suitable for the manufacture of 
r.pper graces of lumber. 

No. 2 Logs shall be 16 inches and over in diameter inside the bark at 
the small end and not less than 16 or more than 40 feet in length, and shall. 
in the judgment of the scaler, be practically suitable for the manufacture of 
merchantible lumber. 

No. 3 Logs shall be 12 inches and over in diameter inside the bark at 
the small end and not less than 16 or more than 40 feet in length, and shall, 
in the judgment of the scaler, be practically suitable for the manufacture of 
inferior graces of lumber. 

Cull Los-s shall be any logs which in the judgment of the scaler are not 
practically suitable for manufacture. 

All log's to he scaled by the Spaulding- Rule. 



THE SPAULDING RULE 

The Spaulding is the statute rule of California, adopted by an act of the 
legislature in 1878. It is used also in Oregon, Washington, Utah, and Nevada. 
It was computed from carefully drawn diagram's of logs from 10 to 96 inches 
in diameter at the small end. Mill men seem to be well satisfied with its 
results. It is very similar to the Scribner Rule. 



LUMBERMAN'S AND LOGGER'S GUIDE 



59 



THE INTERNATIONAL METRIC SYSTEM 

SYNOPSIS OP THE SYSTEM 

The fundamental unit of the metric system is the Meter — the unit of length. 
From this the units of capacity (Liter) and of weight (Gram) were derived. All 
other units are the decimal sub-divisions or multiples of these. These three units 
are simply related; e. g., for all practical purposes one Cubic Decimeter equals 
one Liter and one Liter of water weighs one Kilogram. The metric tables are 
formed by combining the words "Meter," "Gram," and "Liter" with the six 
numerical prefixes, as in the following tables: 



PREFIXES MEANING 




milli- — - one thousandth 


1/1000 


.001 


centi- = one hundredth 


1/100 


.01 


deci- === one tenth 


1/10 


.1 


Unit = one 




1 


deka- = ten 


10/1 


10 


hecto- = one hundred 


100/1 


100 


kilo- = one thousand 


1000/1 


1000 



UNITS 

'meter" for length 
"gram" for weight or mass 

"liter" for capacity 



UNITS OP LENGTH 



milli-meter 

centi-meter 

deci-meter 

METER 

deka-meter 



.001 meter 

,01 meter 

. 1 meter 

1 meter 



10 

hecto-meter = 100 



kilo-meter 



1000 



meter 
meter 



meter 



Where miles are used in England and the United States for measuring distances, 
the kilometer (1,000 meters) is used in metric countries. The kilometer is about 
5 furlongs. There are about 1,600 meters in a statute mile, 20 meters In a chain, 
and 5 meters in a rod. 

The meter is used for dry goods, merchandise, engineering construction, build- 
ing, and other purposes where the yard and foot are used. The meter is about, 
a tenth longer than the yard. 

The centimeter and millimeter are used instead of the inch and its fractions 
in machine construction and similar work. The centimeter, as its name shows, 
is the hundredth of a meter. It is used in cabinet work, in expressing sizes of 
paper, books, and many cases where the inch is used. The centimeter is about 
two-fifths of an inch and the millimeter about one twenty-fifth of an inch. The 
millimeter is divided for finer work into tenths, hundredths, and thousandths. 

If a number of distances in millimeters, meters, and kilometers are to be 
added, reduction is unnecessary. They are added as dollars, dimes, and cents 
are now added. For example, "1,050.25 meters" is not read "1 kilometer, 5 
dekameters, 2 decimeters, and 5 centimeters," but "one thousand and fifty meters, 
twenty-five centimeters," just as "$1,050.2.")" is read "one thousand and fifty 
dollars and twenty-five cents." 



60 



LUMBERMAN'S AND LOGGER'S GUIDE 



iiiiinii iiiiiiiii iiiijim iiiiiiin niiiiiir iiiimii iiimm iiimtii mmm iiiiiiii! 



1 23456 789 10 



Vl'tyvi'JI^ 



ihlililihlili ihlililililililililihlililili 



4 to. 



Illlllilillllll 



Fiq. 1. Comparison Scale: 10 Centimeters and 4 Inches. (Actual Size.) 



AEEA 



The table of areas is formed by squaring the length measures, as in our 
common system. For land measure 10 meters square is called an "Are" (meaning 
"area".) The side of one are is about 33 feet. The Hectare is 100 meters square, 
and, as its name indicates, is 100 areas, or about 2% acres. An acre is about 
0.4 hectare. A standard United States quarter section contains almost exactly 
64 hectares. A square kilometer contains 100 hectares. 

For smaller measures of surface the square meter is used. The square meter 
is about 20 per cent larger than the square yard. For still smaller surfaces 
the square centimeter is used. A square inch contains about 6% square 
centimeters. 

VOLUME 

The cubic measures are the cubes of the linear units. The cubic meter 
(sometimes called the stere, meaning "solid") is the unit of volume. A cubic 
meter of water weighs a metric ton and is equal to 1 kiloliter. The cubic meter 
is used in place of the cubic yard and is about 30 per cent larger. This is 
used for "cuts and fills" in grading land, measuring timber, expressing contents 
of tanks and reservoirs, flow of rivers, dimensions of stone, tonnage of ships, 
and other places where the cubic yard and foot are used. The thousandth part 
of the cubic meter (1 cubic decimeter) is called the Liter. 



For very small volumes the cubic centimeter (cc or cm3) is used. This 
volume of water weighs a gram, which is the unit of weight or mass. There are 
about 16 cubic centimeters in a cubic inch. The cubic centimeter is the unit of 
volume used by chemists as well as in pharmacy, medicine, surgery, and other 
technical work. One thousand cubic centimeters make 1 liter. 



LUMBERMAN'S AND LOGGER'S GUIDE 



61) 



UNITS OF CAPACITY 
milli-liter = .001 liter 



centi-liter = 


.01 


liter 


deci-liter = 


.1 


liter 


LITER = 


1 


liter 


deka-liter *= 


10 


liter 


hecto-liter = 


100 


liter 


kilo-liter = 


1000 


liter 



ONE CUBIC 
DECIMETER 

ONE LITER 

UNIT OF CAPACITY 

ONE KILOGRAM 

OF WATER 



Fiq. 2. Cubic Decimeter. (Actual Size.) 

The hectoliter (100 liters) serves the same purposes as the United States 
bushel (2,150.42 cubic inches), and is equal to about 3 bushels, or a barrel. A 
peck is about 9 liters. The liter is used for measurements commonly given in 
the gallon, the liquid and dry quarts, a liter being 5 per cent larger than our 
liquid quart and 10 per cent smaller than the dry quart. A liter of water weigh* 
exactly a kilogram, i. e.. 1.000 grams. A thousand liters of water weigh 1 
metric ton. 



«2 



LUMBERMAN'S AND LOGGER'S GUIDE 



UNITS OF WEIGHT (OB MASS) 

milli-gram = 0.001 gram 

centi-gram = .01 gram 

deci-gram = .1 gram 

GRAM = 1 gram 

deka-gram = 10 gram 

feecto-gram = 100 gram 

kilo-gTam = 1000 gram 



Fio.3. Relative Size of 2-Pound and 1 -Kilogram (Brass) Weights. (Actual Size.) 

Measurements commonly expressed in gross tons or short tons are stated 
in metric tons (1,000 kilograms). The metric ton comes between our long and 
short tons and serves the purpose of both. The kilogram and "half kilo" serve 
for everyday trade, the latter being 10 per cent larger than the pound. The 



Fig.4^ Relative Size of Avoirdupois Ounce, 30-Gram, 
and Troy Ounce (Brass) Weights. (Actual Size.) 





Fig. 5. Relative Size op 
Gram and Scruple 
(Brass) Weights. 
(Actual Size.) 



kilogram is approximately 2.2 pounds. The gram and its multiples and division* 
are used for the same purposes as ounces, pennyweights, drams, scruples, and 
grains. For foreign postage, 30 grams is the legal equivalent of the avoirdupois 
ounce. 



LUMBERMAN'S AND LOGGER'S GUIDE 63 

EQUIVALENTS OF METRIC WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 

In the metric system multiples of the units are expressed by the use of the 
Greek prefix deca, hecto, and kilo, which indicates, respectively, tens, hundreds, 
and thousands; decimal parts of the unit are expressed by use of the Latin prefix 
deci, centi, and milli, which indicates, respectively, tenth, hundredth, and thousandth. 
For all practical purposes 1 cubic decimeter equals 1 liter, and 1 liter of water 
weighs 1 kilogram or 1 kilo, as it is generally abbreviated. In the tables following 
are comparisons of the customary and metric units. 

LENGTHS 

1 millimeter (mm.) equals 0.03937 inch. 1 inch equals 25.4001 millimeters. 

1 centimeter (cm.) equals 0.3937 inch. 1 inch equals 2.54001 centimeters. 

1 meter (m) equals 3.28083 feet. 1 foot equals 0.304801 meter. 

1 meter equals 1.093611 yards. 1 yard equals 0.914402 meter. 

1 kilometer (km.) equals 0.62137 mile. 1 mile equals 1.60935 kilometers. 

AREAS 

1 square millimeter equals 0.00155 square 1 square inch equals 645.16 square mil- 
inch, limeters. 

1 square centimeter equals 0.155 square 1 square inch equals 6.452 square cen- 

inch. timeters. 

1 square meter equals 10.764 square feet. 1 square foot equals 0.0929 square meter. 

1 square meter equals 1.196 square yards. 1 square yard equals 0.8361 square meter. 

1 square kilometer equals 0.3861 square 1 square mile equals 2.59 square kilo- 
mile, meters. 

1 hectare equals 2.471 acres. 1 acre equals 0.4047 hectare. 

VOLUMES 

1 cubic centimeter equals 0.061 cubic 1 cubic inch equals 16.3872 cubic centi- 

inch. meters. 

1 cubic meter equals 35.314 cubic feet. 1 cubic foot equals 0.02832 cubic meter. 

1 cubic meter equals 1.3079 cubic yards. 1 cubic yard equals 0.7645 cubic meter. 

CAPACITIES 

1 milliliter (cc.) equals 0.03381 liquid 1 liquid ounce equals 29.574 milliliters. 

ounce. 1 dram equals 3.6967 milliliters. 

1 milliliter (cc.) equals 0.2705 dram. 1 scruple equals 1.2322 milliliters. 

1 milliliter (cc.) equals 0.8115 scruple. 1 liquid quart equals 0.94636 liter. 

1 liter equals 1.05668 liquid quarts. 1 gallon equals 3.78543 liters. 

1 liter equals 0.26417 gallon. 1 dry quart equals 1.1012 liters. 

1 liter equals 0.9081 dry quart. 1 peck equals 8.80982 liters. 

1 liter equals 0.11351 peck. 1 peck equals 0.881 dekaliter. 

1 dekaliter equals 1.1381 pecks. 1 bushel equals 0.35239 hectoliter. 

1 hectoliter (hi.) equals 2.83774 bushels. 

MASSES 

1 gram equals 15.4324 grains. 1 grain equals 0.0648 gram. 

1 gram equals 0.03527 avoir, ounce. 1 avoir, ounce equals 28.3495 grams. 

1 gram equals 0.03215 troy ounce. 1 troy ounce equals 31.10348 grams. 

1 kilogram (kg.) equals 2.20462 avoir. 1 avoir, pound equals 0.45359 kilogram, 

pounds. 1 troy pound equals 0.37324 kilogram. 
1 kilogram equals 2.67923 troy pounds. 

Note: The unit of lumber measure is called the "Stere" and is equal to the 
cubic meter. 



64 



LUMBERMAN'S AND LOGGER'S GUIDE 



COMPARISON OP THE VARIOUS POUNDS AND TONS IN USE IN 

UNITED STATES 



1 Troy Pound Equals 

0.822857 Avoirdupojs Pounds. 
0.37324 Kilograms. 

0. 00041143 "Short Tons. 
0.00036735 Long Tons. 
0. 00037324 Metric Tons. 



1 Avoirdupois Pound Equals 

1.21528 Troy Pounds. 

0.45359 Kilograms. 

0.0005 Short Tons. 

0.00044643 Long Tons. 

0.00045359 Metric Tons. 



1 Kilogram Equals 

2.67923 Troy Pounds. 

2.20462 Avoirdupois Pounds. 

0.00110231 Short Tons. 
0.00098421 Long Tons. 
0.001 Metric Tons. 



1 Short Ton Equals 

2430.56 Troy Pounds. 

2000 Avoirdupois Pounds. 

907.18 Kilograms. 

0.89287 Long Tons. 

0.90718 Metric Tons. 



1 Long* Ton Equals 

2722.22 Troy Pounds. 

2-240- Avoirdupois Pounds. 

1016.05 Kilograms. 

1.12 Short Tons. 

1.01605 Metric Tons. 



1 Metric Ton Equals 

2679.23 Troy Pounds. 

2204.62 Avoirdupois Pounds. 

1000 Kilograms. 

1.10231 Short Tons. 

0.98421 Long Tons. 



Note: A cubic meter of water weighs a metric ton and is equal to one 
kiloliter. The cubic meter is used in the place of the cubic yard and is about 
30 per cent larger. 

THE METRIC UNIT OF LUMBER MEASURE 

The unit of lumber measure is called the Stere, and is equal to the cubic meter. 

1 Stere (cubic meter) equals 35.314 Cubic Feet 

1 Cubic foot equals 0.028317 Cubic Steres 

1 Stere equals 0.2759 Cords 

1 Cord (128 cubic feet) equals 3.624 Steres 

The term Stere is from the Greek stereos, meaning solid. 



WEIGHT 

One Stere or cubic meter of Green Douglas Fir contains 423.7734 Board Feet 
and weighs approximately 1413 pounds or 636 kilograms. 

1 Metric Ton equals 0.984206 Long Tons 

1 Metric Ton equals 1.102311 Short Tons 

1 Metric Ton equals 1000. Kilograms 

1 Metric Ton equals 2204.62234 Pounds 
1000 Board Feet Green Douglas Fir weighs 3333 Pounds 
1000 Board Feet Green Douglas Fir weighs 1512 Kilograms 



METHOD USED FOR COMPUTING- APPROXIMATE WEIGHT OF FOREIGN 

EXPORT CARGO SHIPMENTS OF DOUGLAS FIR 

1000 Board Feet weighs 1V 2 Long Tons 
1000 Board Feet weighs 1% Metric Tons 
1 Board Foot weighs iy 2 Kilograms 

One St. Petersburg Standard of 165 cubic feet (1980 board feet) weighs 6593 
pounds or 2970 kilograms. 



LUMBERMAN'S AND LOGGER'S GUIDE 



65 



HOW TO CUT METRIC LENGTHS 

Orders from France and Belgium usually call for lengths of lumber to be eut 
to the metric foot, which represents the third part of a meter. 

The required length is equivalent to 13% inches. The thickness and width 
usually correspond to English measure. 

French orders contain large amounts of 3x9 of number 1 and 2 Clear grade. 



HOW TO FIGURE METRIC ORDERS 

To convert Metric to English lengths, multiply by 35 and divide by 32, or to 
the Metric Feet add one-twelfth and one-eighth of one-twelfth. 

How many feet, Board Measure, are contained in the following items of 3x9 
cut to Metric Feet? 



Process: 








Pes. 


Size 


Met. Ft. 


Extensions 


60 
114 
112 

40 
60 


3x9 
3x9 
3x9 
3x9 
3x9 


12 
14 
16 
18 
20 


720 
1,596 
1,792 

720 
1,200 


386 






6,028 
502.33 
62.79 




6,593.12 
2% 








13,186.24 
1,648.28 








14,834.52 



Metric Lineal Feet 



English Lineal Feet. 



Feet Board Measure. 



The addition of the extensions shows the number of Metric Lineal Feet, the 
line below shows that amount divided by 12. and this in turn is divided by 8. 

The total thus obtained shows the English Lineal Feet. This is brought to 
Board Measure in the usual way by multiplying by 2^4. 



66 



LUMBERMAN'S AND LOGGER'S GUIDE 



TO COMPUTE METRIC DRAFT 

French and a number of foreign ships use the metric system, and the draft 
is painted on the forward and after end of vessel in meters and twentieth parts of 
a meter, as follows: 



The height of figures and distance between figures is 
uniform, i. e.: each figure is one-tenth of a meter (3.937 
inches) in height, and the blank distance between figures is 
also one-tenth of a meter. 

Each advancing meter is indicated by the letter "M" 
to the right of the numeral. 

For example: Presume the draft water line is at the 
bottom of 60. and the first figure representing the meters 
above the water line is 4 M, the draft would be 3.60 meters 
or 11.811 feet (11 ft. 9% in.). If the water line was level 
with the top of the figure 60, the draft would then be 3.70 
meters or 12.139 feet (12 ft. 1% in.). 



4M 

80 

60 

40 

20 

3M 

80 

60 

40 

20 

2M 



Rule: 



TO CONVERT METRIC TO ENGLISH DRAFT 



To convert the metric draft to English feet, multiply the meters by 3.281. 

Example: 

Find the number of English Feet when the draft is 7.20 meters? 

Operation: 

7.20 X 3.281 equal's 23.6232 feet (23 ft. 7% in.) Multiplying the meters by 105 
and dividing by 32 gives the same result. 



Rule: 



TO CONVERT ENGLISH TO METRIC DRAFT 



To convert English to Metric draft, multiply the feet by 3.048. 

Example: 

Find the number of Meters, when the English draft in feet is 23 ft. 7 1 / 6 inches 
(23.6232 feet). 

Operation: 

23.6232 X 3.048 equals 7.20035136 Meters. 

The same result is obtained by multiplying the English Feet by 32 and dividing 
by 105. 

Example: 

Find the numbers of meters, where the English draft is 21 feet. 

Operation: 

21 multiplied by 32 equals 672; 672 divided by 105 equals 6.40 meters. 

USEFUL TABLES FOR CONVERTING DRAFT EQUIVALENTS OF DECIMAL 
AND BINARY FRACTIONS OF AN INCH IN MILLIMETERS 





Fractions 




Decimals 




of an Inch. Millimeters. 


of an Inch. 




1/64 equals 


0.397 


0.015625 




1/32 v equals 


' ■ .794 ' 


.03125 




1/16 equals 


1.588 


.0625 




1/8 equals 


3.175 


.1250 




1/4 equals 


6.350 


.2500 




1/2 equals 


12.700 


.5 




1/100 equals 


0.254 




Cnc] 


ies to Millimeters 




Millimeters to Inches 


1 


equals 25.4001 




1 equals 0.03937 


2 


equals 50.8001 




2 equals 0.07874 


3 


equals 76.2002 




3 equals 0.11811 


4 


equals 101.6002 




4 equals 0.15748 


5 


equals 127.0003 




5 equals 0.19685 


6 


equals 152.4003 




6 equals 0.23622 


7 


equals 177.8004 




7 equals 0.27559 


8 


equals 203.2004 




8 equals 0.31496 


9 


equals 228.6005 




9 equals 0.35433 


10 


equals 254.0006 




10 equals 0.39370 


11 


equals 279.4006 




11 equals 0.43307 


12 


equals 304.8006 




12 equals 0.47244 



LUMBERMAN'S AND LOGGER'S GUIDE 



67 



CONVERSION TABLES 



COITVESSION OF FEET TO METERS 



CONVERSION OF METERS TO FEET 



^eet 


Meters 


Feet 


Meters 


1 . 


0.30480 


51 . 


15.54483 


2 . 


.60960 


52 . 


16 . 84yti3 


3 . 


.91440 


53 . 


16.15443 


4 . 


1.21920 


54 . 


16.45923 


5 . 


1.62400 


55 . 


16.76403 


6 . 


1.82880 


56 . 


17.06883 


7 . 


2.13360 


57 . 


17.37363 


8 . 


2.43840 


58 . 


17.67844 


9 . 


2.74321 


59 . 


17.98324 


10 . 


3.04801 


60 . 


18.28804 


11 . 


3.35281 


61 . 


18.59284 


12 . 


3.65761 


62 . 


18.89764 


13 . 


3.96241 


63 . 


19.20244 


14 .. 


4.26721 


64 . 


19.50724 


15 . 


4.57201 


65 . 


19.81204 


16 . 


4.87681 


66 . 


20.11684 


17 . 


5.18161 


67 . 


20.42164 


18 . 


5.48641 


68 . 


20.72644 


19 .. 


5.79121 


69 . 


21.03124 


20 . 


6.09601 


70 . 


21.33604 


21 . 


6.40081 


71 .. 


21.64084 


22 . 


6.70561 


72 . 


21.94564 


23 . . 


7.01041 


73 . 


22.25044 


24 .. 


7.31521 


74 . 


22.55525 


25 . . 


7.62002 


75 . 


22.86005 


26 .. 


7.92482 


76 . 


23.16485 


27 .. 


8.22962 


77 . 


23.46965 


28 .. 


8.53442 


78 . 


23.77445 


29 . 


8.83922 


79 . 


24.07925 


30 .. 


9.14402 


80 . 


24.38405 


31 .. 


9.44882 


81 . 


24.68885 


32 .. 


9.75362 


82 . 


24.99365 


33 . 


10.05842 


83 . 


25.29845 


34 . 


10.36322 


84 . 


25.60325 


35 .. 


10.66802 


85 . 


25.90805 


36 . 


10.97282 


86 . 


26.21285 


37 .. 


11.27762 


87 . 


26.51765 


38 .. 


11.58242 


88 . 


26.82245 


39 . 


11.88722 


89 . 


27.12725 


40 . 


12.19202 


90 . 


27.42205 


41 .. 


12.49682 


91 . 


27.73686 


42 .. 


12.80163 


92 . 


28.04166 


43 .. 


13.10643 


93 . 


28.3*646 


44 . 


13.41123 


94 . 


28.65126 


45 . 


13.71603 


95 . 


28.956^6 


46 . 


14.02083 


96 . 


29.2fiflR6 


47 . 


14.32563 


97 . 


29.5fi5fifi 


48 . 


14. 62043 


98 . 


29 ,970iG 


49 . 


14.93523 


99 . 


30.17596 


50 . 


15.24003 


100 . 


30.48006 


U. S 


Miles to 


Kilometers to 


Kil 


ometers 


U. 


S. Miles 


1 . 


. 1.6093 


1 


. 0.62137 


2 


. 3.2187 


2 


. 1.24274 


3 


. 4.8280 


3 


. 1.86411 


4 . 


. 6.4374 


4 


. 2.48518 


5 


. 8.0467 


5 


. 3.10685 


6 


. 9.6561 


6 


. 3.72822 


7 


. 11.2654 


7 


. 4.34959 


8 


. 12.8748 


8 


. 4.97096 


9 


. 14.4841 


9 


. 5.59233 


10 


. 16.0935 


10 


. 6.21370 



Meter 


3 Feet 


Meters Feet 


1 


3.28,083 


51 


167.32250 


2 


. ooiu < 


52 


I70.6u333 


3' 


y .Xizo'j 


53 


173.88417 


•4 


J.6. L266'6 


54 


177.1b500 





16.4041/ 


55 


180.44583 





ly . bbouO 


56 


183.72667 


i 


22.yoo83 


67 


187.00750 


a 


2o . 2<*t>t>-/ 


58 


190.28833 


9 


29.52750 


59 


193.56917 


10 


b2.8U833 


60 


196.85000 


11 


36.08yl7 


61 


200.13083 


12 


39. 37000 


62 


203.41167 


13 


42.65083 


63 


206.69250 


14 


45.93167 


64 


209.97333 


15 


49.21250 


65 


213.25417 


16 


52.49333 


66 


216.53500 


17 


55.77417 


67 


219.81583 


18 


59.05500 


68 


223.09667 


19 


62.33583 


69 


226.37750 


20 


65.61667 


70 


229.65833 


21 


68.89750 


71 


232.93917 


22 


72.17833 


72 


236.22000 


23 


75.45917 


73 


239.50083 


24 


78.74000 


74 


242.78167 


25 


82.02083 


75 


246.06250 


26 


85.30167 


76 


249.34333 


27 


88.58250 


77 


252.62417 


28 


91.86333 


78 


255.90500 


29 


95.14417 


79 


259.18583 


30 


98.42500 


80 


262.46667 


31 


101.70583 


81 


265.74750 


32 


104.98667 


82 


269.02833 


33 


108.26750 


83 


272.30917 


34 


111.54833 


84 


275.59000 


35 


114.82917 


85 


278.87083 


36 


118.11000 


86 


282.15167 


37 


121.39083 


87 


285.43250 


38 


124.67167 


88 


288.71333 


39 


127.95250 


89 


291.99417 


40 


131.23333 


90 


295.27500 


41 


134.51417 


91 


298.55583 


42 


137.79500 


92 


301.83R67 


43 


141.07583 


93 


305.11750 


44 


144.35667 


94 


308.39833 


45 


147.63750 


95 


311.67917 


46 


150.91833 


96 


314.9ROOO 


47 


154.19917 


97 


318.2*033 


4S 


157.48000 


98 


321.521R7 


49 


160.76083 


99 


394 R09c;o 


50 


164.04167 


100 


328.08333 


Nautical Miles 


Kilometers to 


to Kilometers 


Nautical Miles 


1 


. 1.8532 


1 


.. 0.53959 


2 


. 3.7065 


2 


.. 1.07919 


3 


. 5.5597 


3 


.. 1.61878 


4 


. 7.4130 


4 


.. 2.15837 


5 


. 9.2662 


5 


.. 2.69796 


6 


. 11.1195 


6 


.. 3.23756 


7 


. 12.9727 
. 14.8260 


7 


.. 3.77715 


8 


8 


.. 4.31674 


9 


. 16.6792 


9 


.. 4.85634 


10 


. 18.5325 


10 


.. 5.39593 



68 LUMBERMAN'S AND LOGGER'S GUIDE 



METRIC MEASUREMENTS USED IN ITALIAN LUMBER MARKET 

The following: Is an excerpt from The American Lumberman, Chicago, Novem- 
ber 23, 1918. 

The few cargoes of Spruce from Canada which before the war arrived at 
Genoa were almost without exception composed entirely of deals in various sizes, 
as 2x7-inch. — 3x7-inch, — 3x8-inch, — 3x9-inch, — and in various lengths from 
10 feet and longer, * * * 

The measurements of spruce boards, planks and beams, etc., used in Italy, ac- 
cording* to a leading* house of lumber importers in Genoa, are as follows: 

Small Boards — Thickness, 9 mm. "Width, from 120 mm. to 400 mm. (graded), 
average width being about 250 mm. Length, 4, 4.25, 4.50, 4.75, 5.00 meters. 

Boards — Thickness, 14, 18, 24, 28. 34, 44, 48, 54 mm., the greater part in de- 
mand averaging 14, 18 and 24 mm. Width and length: As in the foregoing. 

Planks— Thickness, 68, 75, 85, 100 mm. Width, 170, 195, 225 mm. Length, 
3.50. 3.75, 4.00, 4.50 meters (the greater part averaging 4.50 meters), and up to 10 
meters in length, in grades of 25 cm. 

Beams, Sawn — Thickness, 150 mm. up to about 400 mm. Length, from 6 meters 
to 15 meters in grades of 50 cm. 

Small Beams, Sawn — Thickness and width, 38x38, 48x48, 58x58, 68x68, 78x78, 
88x88, 98x98 mm. Length, 4.00, 4.50, 5.00, 5.50, 6.00 meters, in greater part aver- 
aging 4.00, 4.50 and 5.00 meters. 

Lath — Thickness and width, 8x25, 28x28, 34x34 mm. Length, 4.00, 4.50 meters. 

To generalize, the boards and planks mostly used in Italy are of the following 
sizes: 

Thickness — Boards of 14, 18, 24 mm.; to smaller extent boards of 28, 34, 38 
and 48 mm., and to a still smaller extent planks of 54, 68, 75, 85 and 100 mm. 

Widths — Classified as follows: (1) sottomisure, which contains boards from 
100 mm. to 180 mm.; (2) regular widths, which refer to boards and planks from 
190 to 400 mm. and up. The average width of boards asked for is 250 mm. 

Lengths- — The greatest quantity of boards and planks used in Italy are 4 
meters to 4.50 meters in length. 

The Interpretation of Grades 

Mercantile Quality— For the boards of 12, 18, 24, 28 mm. in thickness there is 
required lumber of what is called in the trade a mercantile quality, by which is 
understood boards and planks which tho perfectly sound may contain knots, pro- 
vided they are neither too numerous nor too large nor loose. 

First Quality — A more choice quality of lumber (first quality) is required for 
greater thicknesses; that is, for boards and planks of 34, 38, 48, 54, 75, 80 and 100 
mm. By first quality lumber is understood boards and planks which are perfectly 
healthy and which contain only few and small knots. Large and numerous knots 
are, not allowable. 

It is also understood that the boards and planks should have the parallel form 
and should be worked square edged. 

Railroad Ties 

According to the Government specifications the ties cut from the Italian forests 
to be accepted must have the following minimum measurements: Length, 2.60 
meters; widths, 0.24 meters, and thickness, 0.14 meter. 

These measurements must be verified at point of delivery and the supplying: 
firm must therefore allow for natural contraction. As the price of the cross ties 
is based on number and not on contents no allowance is made the supplier for any 
extra inherent quantity of lumber over the indicated measurements of the specifi- 
cations. However, a second dimension is also allowed, as follows: Length, 2.51 
meters; width, 0.23 meters, and thickness, 0.135 meters. But the number of cross 
ties falling short of the measurements of the first specification must not be more 
than 20 per cent, of the total number of ties accepted. 

EXPORTERS SHOULD USE METRIC SYSTEM 
Dimension should, so far as possible, be given according to the metric system 
when negotiating with Italian merchants. In fact, the question of making boards 
and planks in the sizes required by the Italian market could be advisedly studied. 
According to some importers, it is more important to conform to the standard 
measurements of the country than to supply the kinds of lumber known and 
already used, as the Italian consumers eventually would be fully satisfied with 
the American woods. The Italians do not understand North American technical 
phraseology. Quotations for running feet are unintelligible and if the metric 
system is not used at least quotations should be made in cubic feet, which can 
without difficulty be translated into cubic meters. Adapting oneself to the market 
with which one is trading, however, is a thing American lumber manufacturers 
should learn, and the sooner they accustom themselves to the metric system the 
better. 

Italian lumber importers would, it is understood, be ready to pay cash against 
documents, on the condition, however, that prices are convenient and provided they 
have at least a clear idea of the quality of timber which they are to receive. 
Another practice sometimes adopted is 80 per cent, payment on delivery of docu- 
ment and the balance on actual receipt of parcel or cargo. 



LUMBERMAN'S AND LOGGER'S GUIDE 69 

PACIFIC LUMBER INSPECTION BUREAU, INC. 

HEAD OFFICE 

1011-1014 WHITE BUILDING, SEATTLE, WASH., U. S. A. 

F. W. ALEXANDER, MANAGER 

L. C. LAURSEN, CHIEF SUPERVISOR 

DISTRICT SUPERVISORS 

B. F. Burgess 539 Finch Bldg . Aberdeen, Wash. 

R. C. Crakanthorp ...913 Metropolitan Bldg Vancouver, B. C. 

A. P. Davies 1011 White Bldg Seattle, Wash. 

H\ P. Fait North Bend, Ore. 

A.. H. Fairchild 216 Commercial St Raymond, Wash. 

Fred T. Hayley 2 Purcell Bldg Everett, Wash. 

A. F. E. Irwin P. O. Box 125 San Pedro, Calif. 

J. S. Kelso 716 Lewis Bldg Portland, Ore. 

I. F. Richardson 1223 National Realty Bldg. .Tacoma, Wash. 

PACIFIC COAST GRADING RULES 

Owing to the demand for grading rules by the public the Pacific Lumber In- 
spection Bureau, Inc., find it necessary to make the following charges as specified 
below. The "lists" can be obtained from any of the district supervisors, or by 
addressing the head office at Seattle, direct. 

Price List 

Atlantic Coast List "A" 

Douglas Fir — Western Hemlock — Sitka Spruce and Western Red Cedar 

Grading Rules and Price List 40 cents 

Grading Rules only 20 cents 

Domestic Iiist Number "7" 

Douglas Fir — Western Hemlock — Sitka Spruce — Western Red Cedar and Port 
Orford Cedar. 

Grading Rules and Price List 40 cents 

Grading Rules only 20 cents 

Export list "H" 

Douglas Fir — Western Hemlock — Sitka Spruce. 

Grading Rules and Price List 40 cents 

Grading Rules only 20 cents 

Grading and dressing rules including diagrams and patterns of the finished 
sizes of dressed lumber which are recognized as the standard for rail ship- 
ments, can be obtained from the following association at 50 cents per copy. 

WEST COAST LUMBERMEN'S ASSOCIATION 

Henry Bldg., Seattle, Wash., U. S. A. 
Lewis Bldg., Portland, Oregon, U. S. A. 

LUMBER & SHINGLE MANUFACTURERS, LTD. 
Metropolitan Bldg., Vancouver, B. C. 

DOUGLAS FIR CAR MATERIAL 
Standard specification, grading and dressing rules can be purchased at 
10 cents per copy from the WEST COAST LUMBERMEN'S ASSOCIATION, 
Seattle, Washington, U. S. A. Portland, Oregon, U. S. A. 

Lumbermen engaged in the shipment of Foreign Cargoes, should send for 
IQflCELLiBIOUg BiailR-NC. 67 

THE EXPORT LUMBER TRADE OF THE UNITED STATES 

Fries, M cents 

Sold bj the Superintendent of Ooeuments, 

OoYemment Printing; Office, 

Washington, D. C. 



70 LUMBERMAN'S AND LOGGER'S GUIDE 

EXCERPT, FROM MISCELLANEOUS SERIES— NO. 67 

THE EXPORT LUMBER TRADE OF THE UNITED STATES 

By Edward Ewing Pratt 
Formerly Chief, Bureau of Foreign and Domestio Commerce, Washing-ton, District 

of Columbia 

It can not be said in general that the American exporters have succeeded in 
having- their grading rules universally recognized abroad. Disputes as to grades 
are the most serious obstacle to the selling of American lumber in foreign countries. 

It is generally considered that the Douglas Fir inspection and grading rules 
concerning export shipments are the most satisfactory. Some years ago a bureau 
of inspection was formed, called the Pacific Lumber Inspection Bureau (Inc.), 
which is a separate establishment from the lumber associations. This bureau 
employs licensed inspectors and undertakes at a fixed charge per 1,000 feet to 
inspect cargoes for export. When the cargo has been found "up to grade" the 
bureau issues an inspection certificate, sworn to before a notary public and coun- 
tersigned by one of the supervisors of the bureau, certifying to the quantity, char- 
acter, and condition of the shipment. This certificate is always accepted as proof 
of the character and condition of the cargo at port of shipment and relieves the 
shipping mill from any responsibility for impairment of condition during transit. 
When the exporter has loaded the cargo he presents the inspection certificate to the 
bank, together with the draft, bill of lading, insurance policy, and other shipping 
documents. It is understood that these certificates are of the greatest importance 
in facilitating the discounting of drafts, because the bank's main security is the 
value of the cargo. 

This bureau has been in existence for fifteen years, and its services are con- 
sidered very valuable and impartial to both importers and exporters. At present 
the bureau inspects practically all export shipments of Douglas Fir lumber from 
the Pacific Coast. Last year's report (1916) states that 13,696 inspection certificates 
were issued and only four complaints were received— two from Europe, one from 
South America, and one from Australia. One of these complaints was not con- 
cerned with grade. 

With grades comparatively unknown in many markets, no general custom of 
branding, an-1 terms often cash before the cargo leaves port, the American lumber 
trade needs the services of an Inspection Bureau of the highest standard. 

The Pacific Lumber Inspection Bureau has been a very important factor in 
bringing the West Coast lumber trade into foreign markets. 

A certificate of inspection is issued by the Pacific Lumber Inspection Bureau 
in the following form : . 

PACIFIC LUMBER INSPECTION BUREAU, INC. 

LUMBER INSPECTOR'S CERTIFICATE 

191 

We I, regularly approved 



Lumber Inspector ..., licensed by the Pacific Lumber Inspection Bureau (Inc.), 
and at the time acting in that capacity, do hereby certify that we (I) have per- 
sonally surveyed and inspected, according to the grading and survey rules as per 

adopted by the West Coast Lumber Manufacturers 

Association, the cargo of lumber Shipped on board the • . . • • 

by ., bound, for .. .. and the said 

cargo has been shipped in good order and condition and consists of 



Remarks n 



Inspector. 
Subscribed and sworn to before me. the undersigned, a notary public in and for 

the by the above-named party, personally known 

to me as the person signing the above Certificate. 

, Notary Public. 

Countersigned: ..... '..'I'.'.'. '.! ' ''.'.', Supervisor. Dated: 191 

[This Certificate is not valid unless bearing the seal of the Pacific Lumber 
Inspection Bureau (Inc.), countersigned by one of its supervisors and free irom 
alterations.] 



LUMBERMAN'S AND LOGGER'S GUIDE 71 



CALIFORNIA REDWOOD 

(Sequoia Sempervirens) 
DESCRIPTION 

Redwood is lumber from the "big trees" of California — the Eighth Wonder of 
the World. Scientists call them Sequoia sempervirens, which, when translated 
into our every-day tongue, means "Sequoia ever-living." Sequoia is an Indian 
name; the name of a chief of great power and influence among his people. It 
was natural, therefore, for the Indians to name the giant trees after their most 
powerful chief. 

They are wonderful trees. Their living power is without peer among perish- 
able and animal life. The secret of their great age is resistance to rot and fire, 
and practical immunity to the attack of insect life and fungus growth so destruc- 
tive to most other kinds of wood. In the forests, the Redwoods have fought decay 
and fire down the sweep of many centuries — they lived on sturdy and strong while 
other forest trees matured and died in successive crops. 

RANGE 

By a freak of nature the Redwoods grow nowhere else in the world but in 
California. Their range is confined to a strip along the Pacific Coast north of San 
Francisco Bay to the Oregon State line, and extending inland not more than 10 
to 20 miles. The principal stand of commercial lumber today is in the three north 
coast counties of Mendocino, Humboldt and Del Norte. Their growth ranges from 
the sea level to an altitude of 2500 feet. 

YIELD 

The Redwoods grow in what is known as the "fog belt," and thrive only in 
excessive moisture. There are millions of trees, and estimated by the Government 
to contain between 50,000,000,000 and 60,000.300,000 board measure feet of lumber 
— more than enough to keep all the saw-mills now cutting Redwood busy day and 
night for 100 years. The Redwoods grow big and dense, yielding on the average 
from 75,000 to 100,000 board feet of commercial lumber per acre. There are quite 
a number of instances where the Redwoods grow so dense and so big that a single 
acre has yielded more than 1.000.000 board feet of lumber. 



72 LUMBERMAN'S AND LOGGER'S GUIDE 



CALIFORNIA REDWOOD-Continued 

HEIGHT 

The Redwood forest is one of the sublimities of nature. The massive trees, 
with their straight trunks covered with cinnamon-colored bark and fluted from 
the base to the apex of the tree like a Corinthian column, are as impressive as the 
cold, silent walls of an ancient cathedral. They grow from 5 to 25 feet in diameter, 
and from 75 to 300 feet in height. The great size and height of these trees can 
best be appreciated when it is known that, if hollowed out, one of the large Red- 
woods would make an elevator shaft for the famous Flatiron Building in New 
York; in height it would tower 50 feet above the torch of the Statue of Liberty 
in New York Harbor! They are so large that a single tree has produced enough 
lumber to build a church at Santa Rosa, California, , that will seat 500 people. 

The enormous logs make it necessary, to use the most powerful~and expensive 
logging machinery. Many of the large logs must be split with gun-powder before 
they can be handled on the saw carriage at the mill. It is not uncommon for a 
butt log (the first cut above the ground) to weigh from 30 to 50 tons, according 
to the diameter of the tree. The butt cut is usually 16 feet in length. 

ROOT FORMATION 

One of the 'strange things about the Redwoods is the root formation, which 
is slight in comparison with the size of the tree. Redwood actually has an insecure 
footing. There is no tap root to push straight down into the earth to give the 
tree stability. The roots radiate a few feet below the surface of the soil. It is 
supposed they protect themselves by dense growth. The floor of the forest is 
covered with a luxuriant growth of magnificent ferns and beautiful rhododendrons. 

THE BIG TREES OF CALIFORNIA 

DESCRIPTION 

The Sequoia giffantea, or Sequoia washingiionia, as the United States Forest 
Service refer to them, are the "big trees" of the tourist. They are first cousins 
of the Redwoods. Geologists assert that they are the lone living survivors of all 
plant and animal life that existed before the glacial age. The few remaining 
trees are confined to an area of about 50 'square miles on the western slope of 
the Sierra Nevada Mountains, in central California, and of which the Yosemite 
Valley is a part. Many of these trees are 4000 years of age — and some bold 
scientists have estimated one to be from 8000 to 10,000 years old! They are 
located in an altitude of from 4000 to 7000 feet above sea-level, and bear evidence 
of having passed maturity and are in their decline. If the decline lasts propor- 
tionately as long as it took the trees to reach maturity, they are still good for 
untold centuries. Thes "big trees" are found only in protected valleys and spots 
in the mountains, indicating the cause of their survival of the glacial upheaval. 

THE GRIZZLY GIANT 

The "Grizzly Giant" in Mariposa Grove, Yosemite Park, is 91 feet in circumference 
at the ground, and its first branch, which is 125 feet from the ground, is 20 feet 
in circumference. The "General Sherman" is 280 feet high, 103 feet circumference 
at the ground, which means a diameter of 36% feet, and at a point 100 feet from 
the ground it is 17.7 feet in diameter. These are two of the most noted of the 
"big trees." 

The "big trees" of California afford an inexhaustible reservoir of information 
for the scientist who reads this story of the past by the study of the annular 
growth. By means of this he is able to determine the season and locate with a 
degree of definiteness climatic conditions and changes on the Pacific Coast as far 
back as 4000 years ago! 




CALIFORNIA REDWOOD 
(Sequoia Sempervirens) 



74 LUMBERMAN'S AN.n LOGGER'S GUIDE 



SAP 

Sap is always white. Some manufacturers make a specialty of turning out 
a "sappy clear" grade. Lumber of this description shows a streak of white along 
one edge and presents a most beautiful contrast between the red and white in 
the wood. This "sappy clear" is highly prized for interior finish. 

COLOR AND GRAIN 

In color Redwood shades from light cherry to dark mahogany; its grain is 
straight, fine and even. The color and grain present in combination a handsome 
appearance. It runs strong to upper grades, and phenomenal widths, sometimes 
as wide as 36 inches, entirely free from check or other defects. 

PAINTING AND POLISHING 

Redwood is easily worked, and when properly seasoned it neither swells, 
shrinks, nor warps — it "stays put," and being free from pitch takes paint well 
and absorbs it readily. The dark color of the wood makes three coat work necessary, 
since the priming coat must be mixed extremely thin to fully satisfy the surface. 
It also takes a beautiful polish, especially if given two coats of shellac and then 
a wax finish on top. 

INTERIOR AND EXTERIOR FINISH 

For doors, windows, pattern or panel work, wainscoting, ceiling, casing, shelv* 
ing, moulding, and every description of interior or exterior finish the finest results 
can be obtained. For interior finish Redwood should not be painted any more 
than you would cover oak or mahogany. Redwood's beauty for interior finish 
lies in its individuality, its soft, warm tone and color possibilities. 

QUALITY 

Redwood is the most durable of the coniferous woods of California and possesses 
lasting qualities scarcely equalled by any other timber. Although very light and 
porous, it has antiseptic properties, which prevent the growth of decay producing 
fungi. So far as is known, none of the ordinary wood rotting fungi grow in 
Redwood timber. This is an exceedingly valuable property which should extend 
the use of this wood for all kinds of construction purposes. 

DURABILITY 

For tanks, stave water pipe, poles, posts, paving blocks or foundations, it 
will last almost indefinitely under the trying conditions of being placed in contact 
with the ground and subject to alternate wet and dry conditions. 

For exterior boarding, finish and shingling, whether painted or not, its dura- 
bility in thousands of instances has been demonstrated to be very great. 

PATTERN WORK 

Leading engineering and shipbuilding works in California have been using 
Redwood for pattern work during the past twenty-five years, as it works easily 
and time has proved that it retains it shape as well as any other wood used for 
this purpose. 

CAR MATERIAL 

Redwood is in great demand for all kinds of finish for car material. Its 
special recommendations for this class of work are its durability and well known 
fire resisting qualities. Examinations of car siding in use for twenty years have 
failed to show traces of dry rot or any other form of decay. 

The hardest service to which wood can be subjected is the railway tie. 

It is not only in constant contact with the ground, but it must stand the 
strain and stresses of swiftly-moving heavy trains. In his report on "Timber, 
An Elementary Discussion of the Characteristics and Properties of Wood," to the 
Division of Forestry, U. S. Department of Agriculture. Filbert Roth, special agent 
in charge of timber physics, gives the following table on 



LUMBERMAN'S AND LOGGER'S GUIDE 75 

TEE RANGE OP DURABILITY IN RAILROAD TIES 

Redwood 12 Elm 6 to 7 

Black Locust 10 Long- Leaf Pine 6 

Oak (white and chestnut) 8 Hemlock 4 t g 

Chestnut 8 Spruce 5 

Tamarack 7 to 8 Red and Black Oaks 4 to 5 

Cherry, Black Walnut Locust 7 Ash, Beech, Maple 4 

To get best service out of the Redwood tie under heavy equipment, tie plates 
should be used. 

Redwood ties are in big demand in South America, England and the continent 
Australia and the Orient, because of its resistance to decay and resistance to 
attack of destructive insects so common in the tropical countries. 

HOLDING OF SPIKES 

Respecting the "holding of spikes" Redwood ties compare favorably with all 
other ties ordinarily classed as soft wood. 

REDWOOD AND THE TEREDO 

The Teredo will attack and destroy Redwood piles or timber as quickly as 
any other wood. 

REDWOOD AND THE WHITE ANT 

Owing to its immunity from the ravages of the White Ant, this wood is 
almost exclusively used in the Philippine Islands for cabinets and boxes to hold 
important documents. 

FIRE RESISTING QUALITIES 

Redwood, owing to its freedom from pitch, will not ignite easily nor make a 
hot fire when burning and is very easily extinguished. 

It is an actual fact that fires have been extinguished in Redwood buildings 
with comparatively slight damage, when the same Are would have made practically 
a total loss had the buildings been constructed of pine or cedar. The reason is 
plain. Redwood is not slow in combustion, but absorbs moisture readily and when 
moistened, resists fire wonderfully. 

REDWOOD SHINGLES 

Redwood shingles as a roof or side wall covering give long life and fire 
protection. 

No other shingle, or substitute roof covering gives the ideal combination of 
rot resistance and fire retardance, with the additional merit of being rust proof 
and free from tar, gum or any other substance to melt in the sun and fill gutters 
water pipes or drains. 

Always lay Redwood shingles with zinc-coated cut iron nails. This will 
prolong 1 the life of your roof many years. The ordinary steel shingle nail will 
rust out while the shingle itself is still in first-class condition. A Redwood shingled 
roof, laid with the right kind of nails, will give satisfactory service from 30 toi 
50 years. 

You can buy Redwood shingles in two grades, No. 1 Clear and Star A. Star. 
The former is a carefully selected vertical grain 'shingle, free from all defects, and 
is used invariably on coverings where service demands first consideration. The 
latter is a 10-inch clear butt shingle, "slash" grain being no defect, and it is 
recommended for side walls rather than for roofing. 

In 1893 Redwood shingles were taken from the roof of General U. S. Grant's 
headquarters, at Fort Humboldt, California, where they had been for 40 years. 
The wood was absolutely sound and without a trace of rot, although the shingles 
were worn thin by wind-driven sand. 



7 6 LUMBERMAN'S AND LOGGER'S GUIDE 

KEDWOOD LATH 

Redwood lath have given most satisfactory service for many years, the fire- 
retarding property of Redwood giving lath of this material a decided advantage 
over the ordinary kinds. For best results the rough coat of plaster should b» 
allowed to dry thoroughly before applying the finish coat. 

GROWS STRONGER WITH AGE 

Redwood actually grows stronger with age! This has been demonstrated 
by tests made at the University of California. Timbers taken from a house 
built 37 years ago, on the Campus of the University, at Berkeley, were tested and 
found to be actually stronger than the day when the building was erected. There 
wasn't the slightest trace of decay in these timbers, and when sawn the wood 
was virile and healthy in color and texture. Air seasoning had taken place under 
the most favorable conditions. 

The 37-year Redwood had a longitudinal crushing* strength one-quarter 
greater than Redwood which had been air seasoned two years. 

WEIGHT OF REDWOOD LOGS 

Butt logs absorb so much moisture that the first and second cuts usually 
sink in water. Left in the sun they require three to four years to dry. 

A STRONG WOOD FOR ITS WEIGHT 

pooj&peH &-*G. 'mSia-M. s}i joj spooM. issSuoj^s 9uj} jo 9uo si pooAipay; pauos-B9g 
weighs 26.2 pounds per cubic foot — slightly less than Cypress, which weighs 27.6. 
It is equal in strength to Cypress, and its breaking strength, according to U. S. 
Government figures, is 62 per cent of that of White Oak, which is one Of the 
strongest and toughest of American woods. 

The standard of lumber weight and measure is based on a "board-measure" 
foot. A board-measure foot means a piece one inch thick and 12 inches square. 
One-inch boards, in the rough, dry, weigh 2400 pounds per 1000 board-measure 
feet. The same boards dressed smooth on two sides would weigh 2000 pounds,, 
and if dressed four 'sides will weigh 1800 pounds. 

WEIGHT OF REDWOOD FOR EXPORT CARGO SHIPMENTS 

"Green" Redwood for cargo shipment weighs about 5 pourids per board foot. 
A simple method for computing the shipping weight is to multiply the board 
feet by 2.2 per thousand, this gives the weight in tons of 2240 pounds. 

The weight in tons of 2240 pounds of -seasoned redwood boards is computed 
by multiplying the board feet by 1.1 per thousand. ' 

Redwood is frequently shipped to Foreign Ports in conjunction with Douglas 
Fir cargoes. In steamer shipments it is customary to stow "green" Redwood first 
in lower hold and dry Redwood in the Bridge space, Shelter deck or 'Tween 
decks. Douglas Fir is loaded last in the balance of space under deck and on 
deck. The object of combining Redwood and Douglas Fir cargoes is to balance 
the weight so as to carry the maximum amount of cargo with a minimum of 
water ballast. 

Under ordinary circumstances a combined cargo with weight of lumber 
correctly balanced and stowed should only require one third the amount of water 
ballast that would be necessary with a straight cargo of Douglas Fir. 

Redwood immersed in salt water or otherwise exposed to its action will 
gradually blacken on the surface and for thi's reason it should not be shipped 
on deck unless precautions are taken to protect it from the elements. 

The exact proportion of green and seasoned redwood and Douglas Fir to 
obtain the best results cannot be given as so much depends on the specifications 
type of vessel and intelligent stowage. 

The following proportions will give good results under usual circumstances 
for an ordinary tramp steamer. 

20% of cargo Green Redwood 
15% " Dry Redwood 

65% " Douglas Fir 

If pickets or lath are not available for stowage, about 5% of cargo in Red- 
wood doorstock would be a good substitute. 



LUMBERMAN'S AND LOGGER'S GUIDE 77 



CALIFORNIA REDWOOD GRADES 

Adopted April 5, 1917 by California Redwood Association 

San Francisco, California 

Copyright 1917 

SPECIAL NOTES 

1. All worked lumber shall be measured and invoiced for contents before 
working. 

2. All rough lumber unseasoned shall allow an occasional variation equivalent 
to 1/16 Qf an inch in thickness per inch and 1/32 of an inch in width per inch. 

3. All rough lumber seasoned shall allow a variation equivalent to 3/32 of 
an inch in thickness per inch. 

4. All rough lumber seasoned shall allow a variation in width as follows: 

6-inch and less, % of an inch in width. 
8, 10 and 12 inch, y 2 of an inch in width. 
14-inch and wider, % of an inch in width. 

5. Surfaced lumber will be Ys of an inch less for one side and 3/16 of an 
inch less for two sides. Rustic, T. & G.. T. G. & B. will be 3/16 of an inch less 
for one side and % of an inch less for two sides. (Above less than rough thickness.) 

6. Grain of all grades shall be as the lumber runs. 

7. Worked lumber to be in accordance with patterns adopted by California 
Redwood Association, April 5, 1917. 

KNOTS 

In these Grading Rules, knots are classified as sound, loose and soft. 

A Sound Knot, irrespective of color, is solid across its face, as hard or 
harder than the wood it is in, and so fixed by growth or position that it will 
retain its place in the piece. 

A Loose Knot is one not held firmly in place by growth or position. 

A Soft Knot is one not so hard as the wood itself. 



GRADES 

"Uppers 

(Under the heading of Uppers shall be included all Redwood of a 
grade higher than Extra Merchantable, including Clear, Sap, Select, 
Standard, Pickets, Battens, etc.) 

Clear: Shall be good and sound, free from knots, shakes or Splits. Will allow 
a reasonable amount of birdseye, and sap not exceeding four per cent of the area 
of all the surfaces. A fair proportion in each shipment may contain pin knots 
showing on one face only. 

Sap Clear: Shall conform generally to the grade of clear, except that it 
may contain any amount of sap. Discolored sap, when sound, shall not be con- 
sidered a defect. 



78 LUMBERMAN'S AND LOGGER'S GUIDE 

CALIFORNIA REDWOOD GRADES-Continued 

Select: Shall be good and sound, free from shakes or splits. Shall be graded 
from the face side and will allow birdseye and one small, sound knot one inch in 
diameter or its equivalent in each six superficial feet. In the absence of other 
defects, will allow one soft knot one-half inch in diameter in each six superficial 
feet. Sap allowed not exceeding- four per cent of the area of all the surfaces. 

Standard: Shall be graded from the face side and will allow birdseye, any 
amount of sap, and in each six superficial feet, two sound knots not exceeding 
an inch and a quarter in diameter, or their equivalent. In the absence of sound 
knots, will allow one soft knot one inch in diameter or its equivalent in each six 
superficial feet. 

Clear, Sap Clear and Select Worked: Shall be well manufactured and worked 
smoothly to uniform thickness. "Will admit of sb'erht roughness or variation in 
milling, and defects mentioned tinder grades of Clear, Sap Clear and Select. 

Standard Worked: Will admit in addition to stock of regular Standard Grade, 
Clear, Sap Clear, and Select, which, owing to poor machinery, is unsuitable for 
these grades. 

SUNDRY COMMONS 

(Under the heading of Sundry Commons shall be included Extra 
Merchantable, Merchantable, Construction, Shop., etc.) 

Extra Merchantable: In one inch shall be free from shakes and split's. Will 
admit any number of sonn<l knots.. b"t not more than one knot two and a half 
inches in diameter, in each five superficial feet., and small, soft knots that do not 
materially affect the strength or usefulness of the board. Will allow sap not 
exceeding ten per cent of the area of all the surfaces. 

In dimension Extra Merchantable 'shall consist of sound lumber free from 

shflVAs l^rge ^nse imots. or such nth** 1 * ^efpcts as would materially impair its 

usefulness. Will allow sap not exceeding ten per cent of the area of all the 
surfaces. 

Extra Merchantable Rustic and Shiplap: This gra^e shall conform to the 
grade of Extra Merchantable, except that Sap in any amount shall be allowed. 

Construction: Shall be suitable for ordinary construction. Will allow sap, 
loose and soft knots, shakes and other defects, and splits not extending over one- 
sixth the length of the piece. 

Merchantable: This gra^e is recommenced for general building purposes. It 
consists of sixty per cent Extra Merchantable and not to exceed forty per cent 
Construction. 

Shop: There shall be but one grade in Shop. 

Inch Shop: Each piece shall contain not less than fifty per cent of cuttings 
five inches and wider and three feet and longer, having no defects except sap. 

Inch and a Quarter to Two-Inch Shop: Each piece shall contain not less 
than fiftv per cent of two face clear cuttings, exclusive of sap. five inches and 
wider, and of this fifty per cent of clear cuttings forty per cent shall be suitable 
for door stiles six feet seven inches and longer. 

Two and a Half Inch and Thicker Shop: Shall contain 'sixty per cent of clear 
cuttings five inches and wider and two feet and longer. 

HOW TO OBTAIN ADDITIONAL INFORMATION REGARDING CALIFORNIA 

REDWOOD 

The California Redwood Association has been organized by the manufacturers 
of this remarkable lumber for the purpose of supplying the public or prospective 
buyers with accurate and dependable information about Redwood. 

Letters of enquiry will receive prompt and cheerful attention when addressed 
to the 

California Redwood Association 
y Call Building 

San Francisco, Calif., V. S. A. 



LUMBERMAN'S AND LOGGER'S GUIDE 79 



WESTERN OR SITKA SPRUCE 

(Picca Sitchensis) 



In comparison with other soft woods in the United States that are used for 
lumber, Western Spruce also known as Sitka and Pacific Spruce, is particularly 
clean and white, of a soft texture with tough fiber and has a beautiful sheen or 
glow peculiar to itself. 

WESTERN AND EASTERN SPRUCE COMPARED 

Comparing- Western Spruce with the Spruce of the Eastern States, it bears the 
same relation that the large tree does to the sapling. The Western Spruce grows 
very large, the average 'size of the logs being nearly four feet in diameter, while 
the average diameter of the Eastern Spruce is less than one foot. 

The small tree Is fine grained and contains many small red knots, while the 
larger tree is coarser in grain with a much larger percentage of clear, and what 
knots occur in the body of the tree are usually black and loose. 

USE POR FINISH 

The uses for which Spruce is best adopted are finish, siding, doors, sash, 
factory work, musical instruments and boxes, especially those for containing pure 
food products. 

Because Spruce is the best substitute for White Pine, now becoming scarce, 
it is used by sash and door factories in the manufacture of doors, windows, mould- 
ings, frames, etc., and is found to be a very satisfactory wood for these purposes. 

BOXES POR POOD PRODUCTS 

Many of the manufacturers of spruce on the Pacific Coast have box factories 
and the lower grades are manufactured into box shooks for all purposes. The 
spruce lumber, however, should be reserved for use in those boxes which are to 
contain food products, such as crackers, corn starch, butter, dried fruits, etc., 
because it is so clean, sweet and odorless that it does not taint these substances. 
It is also largely used for eggs cases to be placed in cold storage, because eggs 
will taste if packed in boxes made from pine or wood containing pitch. Spruce 
is used for lining refrigerators for the same reason. 

SECRET OP SURFACING 

There has been a great r'eal of complaint on the part of those who have bought 
and tried to work spruce because it works so hard. The factory man who was 
used to w r hite pine with its short and brittle grain, has been disappointed because 
his methods did not bring the same results with spruce. There is but one secret 
about spruce and the man who knows this can get first class result's without 
special effort. The secret is to have the wood thoroughly dry and use sharp 
knives. The fiber of spruce, being long and tough when wet, cuts very hard, but 
when dry there is no difficulty if the knives are sharp. 



80 LUMBERMAN'S AND LOGGER'S GUIDE 



SPRUCE -Continued 



HOW TO GRIND KNIVES FOB DRESSING SPRUCE 



The cut shows the back bevel on the planer knife successfully used by planing 
mill experts for surfacing "Green" or "Dry" Spruce. When the knife is ground 
with the bevel as illustrated, it makes a square cut and leaves a smooth surface, 
as it breaks off the chip instead of tearing it away from the board. 

QUALITY 

Spruce grades are always good because of the character of the wood. The 
principal defect is knot's and as these are largely black and loose, the wood must 
be cut up into practically clear lumber. After this is done, the grade is likelj 
to be satisfactory to any buyer. 

Spruce has just the right texture to receive and hold paint nicely and is the 
best known wood for making sign boards, first, because any size and length can 
be secured, and second, because two coats of paint on spruce will give as good a 
finish as three coats on almost any other soft wood. 

The spruce trees of the Pacific Coast are so large that the percentage of sap 
is, small, indeed. For this reason spruce does not stain or discolor easily, even 
if the lumber is placed where it will become mouldy, the blue mould will dress 
off with a very light cut. 

The above statement regarding the spruce of the Pacific Coast will enable 
the buyer to judge whether it is adapted to his purpose. 



SPRUCE POR AIRPLANES 

Western Spruce is the ideal wood for airplane construction it is the toughest 
softwood for its weight, possesses tremendous shock absorbing qualities, and does 
not splinter when hit by a missile, it is used in the frames of airplane wings, 
ailerons, fins, rudders, elevators, and for the stabilizers, the struts, landing gear, 
fuselage, flooring, engine bed, after-deck, and even the seats are made of it. About 
350 pieces of spruce are required in a single airplane, but not all of them are 
individually different; the wing beams are practically of similar dimensions, and 
the struts vary only in size according to the strains put upon them. 

Roughly, the specifications for spruce parts are: Straight grain, clear from 
knots and defects so as to give maximum strength. The size of the rough pieces 
must be such as to insure a finished dimension after deducting losses for finishing, 
checking and shrinkage. Desirable pieces run l 1 ^ inch to 3 inches thick, 3 inches 
and upward in width, and from 5 feet to 17 feet in length. Practically all the 
available spruce is in the United States and along the western coast of British 
Columbia. In this country, it grows close to the Pacific coast on the western slopes 
of the Cascade range in the States of Washington and Oregon. The stand of 
Sitka spruce, which is the best airplane stock, in these two States is estimated 
at 11,000,000,000 feet. But less than half of it is near enough to transportation 
facilities, or in dense enough stands to be commercialized. 




WESTERN OR SITKA SPRUCE 

(Picca Sitchensis) 



82 LUMBERMAN'S AND LOGGER'S GUIDE 



WESTERN HEMLOCK 
(Tsuga Heterophylla) 



The wood of Western Hemlock is light, fairly soft, strong- and straight- 
grained. It is free from pitch or resin. Its strength and ease of working distinguish 
it from the Eastern Hemlock (tsugfa canadensis and tsug-a caroliniana). For 
ordinary building purposes Western Hemlock is equally as useful as Douglas Fir. 
It is manufactured into the common forms of lumber, and sold and used for the 
same purposes as Douglas Fir. It is suitable for inside joists, scantling, lath, 
siding, flooring and ceiling; in fact, it is especially adapted to uses requiring ease 
of working, a handsome finish or lightness combined with a large degree of 
strength. For the manufacture of sash and door stock, fixtures, furniture, turned 
stock, wainscot and panel it is recognized as a wood of exceptional merit. It is 
also largely used in the manufacture of boxes and shelving. 

The true value of Western Hemlock timber has not been appreciated on 
account of its name, since it has been confused with the Eastern Hemlock, which 
produces wood of inferior quality. — "Forest Trees of the Pacific Coast," by George 
B. Sudworth. 

INTERIOR. FINISH 

Unlike its Eastern relative. Western Hemlock contains a good proportion of 
uppers. The clear grades are specially suitable for inside finish, are not easily 
scratched and when dressed have a smooth surface with a satin sheen, susceptible 
of a high polish. It will also take enamel finish to perfection, and is well adapted 
to use as coie stock for veneered^ products. If sawn slash the figure of the grain 
presents a beautiful effect. The wood is non-resinous and odorless (when dry.) 

FLOORING 

Vertical Grain Hemlock makes an exceptionally satisfactory flooring. It 
hardens with age and as a proof Of its lasting and wearing qualities the Hemlock 
floor laid in the Court House of Clatsop County. Oregon, was according to Judge 
Trenchard in good condition when the building was torn down, after 50 years 
continual service. 

In the Judge's old home, built in 1860. the Hemlock flooring is in excellent 
condition and so hard that it is now difficult to even drive a tack into it. 

BEVEL SIDING 

Millions of feet of Clear Western Hemlock are annually manufactured into 
Bevel Siding. It is a great competitor of Spruce, which it closely resembles and 
is often bought or sold as such, either through ignorance or misrepresentation. 

USE POR LIGHT CONSTRUCTION 

For sheathing, shiplap, roof or barn boards Western Hemlock is an ideal 
wood; it is noted for holding nails well, is free from pitch or gum, and the knots 
in merchantible grades are firm and small. For sanitary reasons it should have 
a decided preference in the construction of dwelling houses, as it is practically 
proof against insects, vermin or white ants, and is shunned by rats and mice. 

MINING TIMBERS 

Entire or part cargoes of Western Hemlock timbers, ties and planks are 
regularly shipped from the States of Washington and Oregon into California or 
Mexico, where the lumber is generally used for mining purposes. 

PULP WOOD 

Many millions of feet of Hemlock are yearly converted into pulp for the 
making of paper. Practically all of the Hemlock on the Columbia River is used 
for this purpose by the mills of Oregon City and La Camas. 

BOXES AND PACKING CASES 

Boxes or Packing Cases manufactured out of Hemlock compare very favorably 
with other woods used for this purpose. A great number of Hemlock oil cases 
are shipped to the Orient. One firm in Washington is exporting 50,000 cases 
per month to Hong Kong and Singapore. 



LUMBERMAN'S AND LOGGER'S GUIDE 83 



WESTERN HEMLOCK-Continued 

WEIGHT 

Though Hemlock is very heavy when green, after seasoning- it will weig-h 
from 300 to 500 pounds per 1,000 board feet less than Douglas Fir. When paying 
from 40 to 50 cents per hundred pounds for freight by rail, it means an additional 
profit that a business man should not lose sight of in cases where the competitive 
price of other woods is close. 

GEADINO 

The same grading rules that apply to Douglas Fir are generally used for 
Hemlock. 

KILN DRYING 

The regular and even structure of the wood and total absence of pitch renders 
it capable of rapid kiln drying at high temperature without injury. 

STBENGTH 

The strength of Western Hemlock will be found in the table "Average Strength 
Values for Structural Timbers'* (Page 7). 



WESTERN HEMLOCK FOR FOREIGN CARGO SHIPMENT 

Buyers and sellers of Western Hemlock will find it to their advantag 
the following suggestions: 



e to act 



Freshly sawn Hemlock is very heavy and often weighs from four to six 
pounds per board foot and if shipped in this condition, it displaces more deadweight 
than Douglas Fir. 

The ordinary tramp steamer will carry about ten per cent, more in board 
feet measurement of Douglas Fir than Hemlock, therefore it would not be good 
policy to ship a straight cargo of freshly sawn Hemlock. 

If Hemlock is 'shipped in amounts of ten to fifteen per cent, of cargo, it should 
be a paying proposition if stowed first in lower hold, as the heavy, weight in the 
bottom of the vessel will increase the stability and should cause a reduction of 
water ballast. This equalizes matters as the extra weight of the Hemlock displaces 
water ballast upon which no freight is paid. 

SIZES BEST ADAPTED FOR CARGO SHIPMENT 

The following sizes and lengths can be manufactured to advantage, make good 
stowage, and can be used with satisfactory results for house construction or similar 
work. 

CLEAR GRADES 

1x3 to 1x12—8 to 24 feet long. 
2x3 to 2x12—8 to 24 feet long. 

MERCHANTABLE GRADES 

1x3 to lx 8 — 8 to 24 feet long. 

2x3 to 2x12 — 8 to 32 feet long. 

3x3 to 3x12—8 to 32 feet long. 

4x4 to 4x12—8 to 32 feet long. 

SIZES POR RE-SAWING PURPOSES 

It is not advisable to ship Hemlock timbers or sizes of 6 inches in thickness 
or over, that contain boxed heart, if they are to be used for re-sawing purposes, 
as Hemlock usually opens up shakey at the heart, and this would cause a loss to 
the buyer, and result in general dissatisfaction. 



84 LUMBERMAN'S AND LOGGER'S GUIDE 



WESTERN RED CEDAR 
(Thuja Plicata) 

This cedar is by far the largest of the four true cedars in the world. Since 
ancient times ceaar has been famous for its resistance to decay and its remarkable 
durability. Western Red Cedar combines these qualities in the highest degree. 
The wood is exceptionally light, soft, and of close straight grain, making it easy 
to handle and work. It is free from pitch. Its qualities render it free from 
warping, shrinking or swelling. 

Western Red Cedar is unsurpassed by any other wood where durability, lightness 
of weight or ease of working are essential. It also is an excellent wood for exterior 
siding, finish, corrugated decking and porch flooring, battens, porch columns, newels, 
lath, common boards, flume constructions, drains, canoes, rowboats, trellis-work, 
hothouse frames and sash, and for all other purposes in which the material used 
is exposed to the weather or comes in contact with damp soil. Cabinet makers 
use it for many purposes, including the backs and sides of drawers, shelves, 
boxes, and partitions. 

From Western Red Cedar is made sixty-six per cent of all wooden shingles 
used in the United States. The red cedar shingle satisfies architecture's basic 
requirement of combining, utility, durability and beauty. 

Western Red Cedar shingles are not a fire-hazard. 

The life of a Western Red Cedar shingle roof is determined by the life of 
the shingle nail used. Such a roof put on with an old-fashioned iron nail coated 
with pure zinc should last from thirty to forty years. A soft bright wire nail, 
on the other hand, is sometimes eaten out by the decay-resisting chemical's in 
the wood so that the life of the roof is greatly shortened. The same applies to 
the use of the so-called galvanized shingle nail, which, however, may resist the 
chemical action of the wood for from eight to ten years. 

A Western Red Cedar roof will not rot, rust or corrode. Its light weight saves 
expense in the whole structure of the house. Such a roof is not torn off by wind 
or storm. It will not require constant up keep and painting. It is noiseless 
during heavy rain and hail storms. It is a non-conductor of heat and cold. It is 
easily put on. 

RED CEDAR SHINGLES 

The standard length of shingles is 16 inches. The expression 6 to 2 and 5 to 2 
means that the butt ends of 6 and 5 shingles, respectively, equals 2 inches in 
measurement. One bunch contains 25 double courses. One double course contains 
19 pieces estimated at 4 inches wide. Four bundles are reckoned to the thousand. 

One thousand feet log 'scale will make ten thousand shingles. When shingles 
are shipped by vessel, freight is usually paid at the rate of 10,000 shingles being 
equal to 1.000 feet Board Measure. 

One thousand shingles can be stowed in a space equal to 10 cubic feet. 

To estimate the number of shingles required for a roof when laid 4 inches 
to the weather, multiply the number of square feet of roof surface by 9. 

It is easy to see why the foregoing rule is correct. Each shingle is 4 in. 
wide and 4 in. only of its length are left exposed, hence it covers 16 sq. inches, 
or 1/9 of a square foot — 9 shingles will cover a square foot. 

Estimators usually allow 1,000 shingles to each 100 square feet of roof 
surface. 

To find the number of shingles equal to 1 square foot: 

When laid 4 inches to weather, multiply by 9. 

When laid 4% inches to weather, multiply by 8. 

When laid 5 inches to weather, multiply by* 7 1/5. 

When laid 6 inches to weather, multiply by 6. 

APPROXIMATE WEIGHT 

1000 shingles, kiln dried, weigh 160 pounds. 
1000 shingles, green, weigh 200 to 240 pounds. 

To find approximate amount of shingles that can be loaded in a box cai, 
ascertain the capacity of car in cubic feet, add two ciphers to this amount and 
ihr result will be the number of shingles required. 



LUMBERMAN'S AND LOGGER'S GUIDE 85 



HOW TO BUILD A FORTY YEAR ROOF 



Much of the following Is taken from the American Lumberman Magazine First 
Prize answer in their International contest "How to Make a Forty-Year Roof." 

The first essential is Rite-Grade Red Cedar Shingles. Second, nails, valleys 
and flashings the equal of good shingles. A roof is only as strong as its weakest 
part. 

For Rafters use sized 2x4s or 2x6s, spaced on not over 2-foot centers, spiked 
solid and braced as load requires. 

For Roof Boards or sheathing use good material, S. I. S. strips 1x4 inches or 
random widths to not more than 8 inches, spaced not more than two inches apart 
and nailed solid with 8d nails. Where building paper insulation is used shiplap 
solid instead of 1x4 inches. 

Preparation of Shingles — If they are to be stained use dry shingles, dipping 
each one in the stain not less than 12 inches from butt. Shingles that are not 
to be stained should be wet thoroughly before laying. Stained shingles to be 
wetted before laying (allow time for stain to take full effect). 

If additional fire-resistant quality is wanted, dip in good quality of mineral 
paint or such other approved fire-resistant treatment as may be available. 

Shingle Nails — Solid copper, solid zinc, hot-dipped zinc coated or pure iron 
nails preferred. Where these are not available use old fashioned cut nails. 

Size of Nails — For 5 to 2 inches or thinner shingles, 3d; for thicker shingles, 4d. 

Laying the Shingles — Start at -eaves and lay first course 2-ply, giving first course 
1% inches projection over crown mold and 1-inch projection at gables. 

On one-third or more pitch lay 16-inch shingles 4% inches to the weather; on 
less than one-third pitch lay 16-inch shingles 4 inches to the weather. On one- 
third or more pitch lay 18-inch shingles 5% inches to the weather; on less than 
one-third pitch lay 18-inch shingles iy 2 inches to the weather. 

Use a straight edge to make sure courses are laid straight. 

Break all joints at least l x /4 inches (sidelap). seeing that no break comes 
directly over another on any three consecutive courses, thereby covering all nails. 

Nail shingles 6 inches from butt (for 4% -inch to weather) and % to % inch 
from sides, and put only two nails in each shingle. Slash grain shingles need< 
nails not over 6 inches apart. Shingles wider than 9 inches should be split. 

Lay shingles so that water will run with the grains and do not drive nail heads 
into shingles. 

Lay wet shingles with butts close together. Do not lay shingles dry, unless 
dipped in non-absorbent paint; then lay Ys inch apart. 

Use 14-inch best quality old-style tin, heavily coated, for valleys, or copper. 
Same for ridge roll. 

Use heavily coated tin flashing around chimneys. 

Finish hips by laying a course of even width narrow shingles on both side* 
of hip over regular courses. 



86 



LUMBERMAN'S AND LOGGER'S GUIDE 



ROOF PITCHES 



This diagram shows the three standard roof pitches that are used by all 
carpenters who put up buildings. But some good workmen are not sure of all 
the terms that are used to describe them. 

Pitch means the angle or slant of the rafters in a straight line from the eaves 
to the peak of the roof. 




Rise means the vertical elevation of the rafter at a given point. The term 
"rise" is always used in connection with the term "run." A roof rises a certain 
number of inches to, each foot of the run. 

Run is the horizontal measurement from the plate to the center line of the 
building. 

Rise is the vertical climb of the rafter expressed in feet. 

For example, the rise of a half pitch roof is equal to the run, which means 
that the distance from the plate to the center line of the building is the same 
as the distance from the center line to the peak. The rise of a one-quarter pitch 
roof is just half as much. 



LUMBERMAN'S AND LOGGER'S GUIDE 87 



PORT ORFORD CEDAR; LAWSON CYPRESS 

(Chamaecyparis Lawsoniana) 

On account of its great beauty as an ornamental evergreen, Lawson Cypress, 
the Port Orford Cedar of lumbermen, is widely known in this country and abroad. 
It is little known, however, as a forest tree. It is the largest of its genus and also* 
the largest representative of its tribe (Cupressineoe) in North America. 

THE WOOD 

Port Orford Cedar, also known as White Cedar, is very fine grained, and in 
color is creamy white, with the slightest tinge of red. The wood has a pleasant 
rose aromatic odor, which is strong when freshly sawn, but not so pronounced 
after seasoning. It is a rather hard and firm wood, wotks as easily as the choicest 
pine, and is very durable without protection under all sorts of exposure. Experi- 
ments have proven that it can be stained to imitate mahogany more closely than 
any other wood. 

It is 'susceptible to a high polish, and possesses all the features necessary 
to class it as an excellent material for the better class of interior finish. It is 
also considered very desirable for airplane material, boat building, shelving, chests 
and wardrobes where expensive furs and valuable clothes are kept, as its odor 
i's an absolute preventative from the attacks of moths. Its straight grain and the 
facility with which it is worked gives this wood a high place among those used 
for match and pattern making. 

Nearly all the knots are rotten, in fact in many cases nothing remains but the 
hole where the knot formerly existed. In spite of this defect, however, the sur- 
rounding wood does not decay but is practically everlasting. 

FACTORY LUMBER 

A large percentage of No. 3 Common would cut up into the best grade of 
factory lumber, as the knots usually of standard size are wide apart, say at 
intervals of 4 to 10 feet, and outside of this defect the lumber is clear without 
blemish. 

SHIPPING- PORTS 

The shipping ports are Coos Bay. and Coquille River, Oregon, consignments 
destined for the United Kingdom or other Foreign Ports, would probably be re- 
shipped at San Francisco. 

As this wood split's easily, great care should be exercised in the handling to 
avoid breakages. 

WESTERN LARCH 
(Larix Occidentalis) 

Western Larch is the largest and most massive of North American Larches. 
Its straight trunks grow ordinarily to a height of from 100 to 180 feet, and 
to a diameter of 3 or 4 feet. Not infrequently trees reach a height of over 200 
feet and a diameter of from 5 to 8 feet. The tapering trunks are clear of branches 
for from 60 to 100 feet or more. 

DESCRIPTION OP WOOD 

The wood is heavy, clear reddish brown, and runs from medium coarse to 
fine in grain. It is very durable in an unprotected state, differing greatly in 
this respect from wood of the Eastern Larch. 

USE AND DURABILITY 

It is used for structural purposes, and is especially valuable for railroad ties, 
as it holds spikes well, and its durability when in contact with the soil is ver/y 
great. This wood is manufactured into ceiling, interior finish and moulding and 
when sawn vertical (edge grain) makes an excellent flooring, as the fiber of the wood 
wears evenly and smoothly. 

Larch takes paint, oil, or stain readily, and with age ripens* into a beautiful 
cherry color. 

This lumber is widely known as "Montana Larch," and the growing demand 
for it i's evidence of its increasing popularity with Eastern buyers. 

As Western Larch is principally manufactured by Inland Mills, it cannot be 
profitably shipped in cargo lots to Foreign Countries on account of the extra 
cost of transportation by car to a shipping port, and the competition of other 
Coast woods. 



LUMBERMAN'S AND LOGGER'S GUIDE 



NOBLE FIR 
(Abies Nobilis) 

Of all true firs, Noble Fir is considered the most valuable. In the deep 
forests which it inhabits, it is, when at its best, one of the most magnificently tall 
and symmetrically formed trees of its kind. The remarkably straight, even and 
only slightly tapering trunks are often clear of branches for 100 feet or more. 
Large trees are from 140 to 200 feet in height, or exceptionally somewhat taller, 
and from 30 to 60 inches in diameter; trees 6 to 7 feet in diameter occur, but 
they are rare. 

RANGE 

Noble Fir grows chiefly on the western slope of the Cascade Mountains, at 
elevations of from 2,000 to 5,000 feet, from Mount Baker in Northern Washington 
to the Siskiyou Mountains in Southern Oregon. It also occurs in the Olympic 
Mountains and in the coast ranges of Western Washington. 

Though uncommon on the eastern slope of the Cascade Range, it is very 
abundant on the Western slope in the vicinity of the Columbia River in Oregon. 

In Multnomah County, Oregon, near Bridal Veil, there are about six to eight 
thousand acres which are estimated to contain over 150 million board feet of 
Noble Fir, which is standing in a body of 15,000 acres, the balance of the stand 
being principally old growth Douglas Fir. 

Noble Fir is abundant on Mount Rainier at elevations of 4,000 to 5,000 feet, 
and noted near Ashford at 3,500 feet. 

COLOR AND GRAIN 

The wood is of a creamy white color, irregularly marked with reddish brown 
areas, which adds much to its beauty. It is moderately hard, strong, firm, medium 
close grain, and compact. It is free from pitch, is of soft texture, but hard fiber 
and wtien dressed shows a peculiar satin sheen. In quality it is entirely different 
from and 'superior to any of the light, very soft fir woods. When seasoned this 
wood so closely resembles Western Hemlock that it is almost impossible to 
distinguish between the two when thoroughly dry. 

FINISH 

It is one of the best woods known for interior or exterior finish, siding, mould- 
ings, sash and doors, and factory work for it retains its shape and "holds its 
place" well. 

FLOORING 

On account of the hard fiber, when sawn vertical (edge) grain, it makes a 
very satisfactory flooring, for it is close grained and presents a hard wearing 
surface. 

GENESAL QUALITY 

As the amount of surface clear cut from Noble Fir logs, generally runs from 
60 to 80 per cent., the merchantable or common grades are consequently proportion- 
ately small. 

The 'smaller trees are fine grained and sound knotted, the knots being firm 
and red, and interwoven with the fiber of the surrounding wood. For this reason 
an excellent "board" is the result, for stock boards, for barns, and other purposes 
where good sound common boards are wanted. This lumber holds a nail well, 
and produces good merchantable piece stuff such as studs, joists, planks, timbers*, 
and ties. 

In the butt cut of larger trees, the knots are often black and loose and lumber 
cut from this class of log produces a fine grade of "cut up" material. 

The wood is odorless, tasteless and non-resinous, making boxes fit for butter, 
and other articles which would taint from contact with some other kind of woods. 

WEIGHT 

While the wet, green lumber is heavy — much heavier than Douglas Fir, it 
dries out so that it ships considerably lighter. 

GRAND FIR— WHITE FIR 

Grand Fir (Abies Grandis) is a closely allied variety of White Fir (Abies 
Concolas) therefore, for all practical purposes, a description of one serves for both. 



LUMBERMAN'S AND LOGGER'S GUIDE 89 



WHITE FIR 
(Abies Concolor) 

White Fir is a massive tree and generally averages from 140 to 200 feet in 
height, with a diameter of 40 to 60 inches. 

WEIGHT 

When green the lumber is very heavy, and butt logs often sink in water. 
The wood naturally contains a large percentage of moisture, but after a thorough 
seasoning boards one inch in thickness will weigh about 2,000 pounds to 1,000 
board feet. 

THE WOOD 

The wood is soft, straight grained and works easily. It is only used or 
suitable for a light class of construction wor"k or temporary mining purposes. 
In color it is whitish-gray to light indistinct brown. The sawn product closely 
resembles Hemlock in appearance, but it is inferior to it for finish or construction. 
White Fir should on no account be classed or confused with Douglas Fir 
(Pseudotsuga Taxifolia) which botanically is not a Fir, and the wood of which 
is entirely different and vastly superior to that of the White Fir. 

OUTPUT 

More than half of the total output of White Fir is supplied by California, 
and approximately 10 per cent, each by Washington, Idaho and Oregon. Small 
quantities are produced in Montana, Colorado and other Rocky Mountain States. 

ITS USE FOR PULPWOOD 

Experiments conducted at the Forest Service laboratory at Washington show 
that this wood is admirably adapted for the production of paper pulp by the 
•ulphite process. The wood is found to yield very readily to the action of the 
sulphite liquor used, which is of the usual commercial strength, viz., about 4.0 
per cent total sulphur dioxide. 1.0 per cent combined and 3.0 per cent available. 
The length of treatment has varied in the different tests from eight to ten hours, 
and the steam pressure from 60 to 75 pounds. These pressures correspond to 
maximum temperatures of 153 to 160 degrees C. 

The pulp produced in these experiments is from nearly white to light-brown 
in color, according to the variations in the method of cooking, and by selecting the 
proper conditions of treatment, it would be readily possible to produce a grade of 
fiber which could be used in many kinds of paper without the least bleaching. If, 
however, it is desired to employ the fiber for white book or writing papers, it could 
be readily bleached to a good white color. Results of laboratory tests show that 
the bleach required to bring the fiber up to the usual color for bleached sulphite 
spruce fiber is from 15 to 23 per cent to the weight of unbleached fiber; that is, 
assuming the bleaching powder to contain 35 per cent available chloride. Sulphite 
spruce fiber now on the market requires from 175 to 500 pounds of 35 per cent 
bleach per ton of product or from 9 to 24 per cent of the unbleached fiber. It is 
seen, therefore, that so far as bleaching is concerned, the pulp made from white 
fir is just as good as that made from spruce. 

The yields obtained in these experiments ranged from 43 to 49 per cent on the 
bone-dry basis. This is exclusive of screenings, which in no case exceed 1*4 per 
cent of the dry wood used. From careful observation of the methods employed in 
determining the yields, it seems probable tbat those figures will be increased 
slightly when larger quantities of wood are used, and it is believed that in the 
matter of yield the Fir wood is fully equal to spruce. 

The fiber from these cooks is in most cases light colored and somewhat lustrous, 
and the sheets formed from it without any beating are remarkably tough and 
■strong. Microscopic examination and measurements show that the fibers are of 
very remarkable length, being from one-half to two-thirds as long again as the 
commercial sulphite spruce fiber. 

It is believed from the results that, so far as the product is concerned, the 
manufacture of fiber from white fir would be a commercial success, and that the 
fiber produced would find its greatest usefulness in the production of manilas 
where great 'strength is required, and in tissues which need very long fibers. It 
seems probable, also, that it would make very good newspaper, for which purpose 
its naturally light color would particularly adapt it. 



90 LUMBERMAN'S AND LOGGER'S GUIDE 



AUSTRALIAN CURRENCY WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 

Currency 

The currency of Australia is the same as that of Great Britain. The monetary- 
unit is the pound sterling (£), equal to $4.8665 United States currency. One pound 
contains 20 shillings. One shilling (s.) equals 12 pence, or 2414 cents United 
States currency. One penny (d.) equals 2 cents United States currency. 

Weights and Measures 

The weights and measures of Australia with a few exceptions are the same 
as those in use in the United States, some of the exceptions being as follows: 

1 imperial gallon =1.2009 United States gallons. 

1 ale and beer gallon =1.2208 United States gallons. 

1 proof gallon =1.374 United States proof gallons. 

1 hundredweight <"cwr. ) =112 pounds avoirdupois. 

1 ton =2,240 pounds avoidupois. 

/ 



DUTIES ON LUMBER 



DUTIES ON LUMBER ENTERING THE COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA 

Per 100 
tod. ft. 

New Zealand white pine and rimu, undressed, n. e. i. . -. Is. Od. 

Timber, undressed, n. e. i.. in sizes of 6x12 inches (or its equivalent) and 

over Is. Od. 

Timber, undressed, n. e. i., in sizes of 2%x7 inches (or its equivalent) and 

upwards and less than 6x12 inches (or its equivalent) 3s. Od. 

Timber, undressed, n. e. i.. in sizes less than 2%x7 inches (or its equivalent) 3s. 6d. 

Timber, undressed, cut to sizes for making boxes 5s. Od. 

Timber, for making boxes, being cut into shape, and dressed or partly 

dressed 6s. Od. 

Timber, dressed, n. e. i * 4s. Od. 

Veneer, 3 ply 7s. 6d. 

Veneers, n. e. i , 5s. Od. 

Timber, undressed in sizes less than 7 feet 6 inches, by 2^x10 inches, for 

door stock 3s. Od. 

Timber, for making doors, being cut into shape, and dressed or partly 

dressed 6s. Od. 

Each 

Doors of wood, including fly doors: 

Sizes 1 y 2 inches and under 4s. 6d. 

Sizes over 1% inches and under 1% inches 6s. Od. 

Sizes 1 % inches and over 8s. 6d. 

Ad valorum 

Logs, not sawn 5% 

Spars, in the rough 5 % 

Timber, bent or cut into shape, dressed or partly dressed, n. e. i 30% 

Picture and room mouldings 35 c /r, 

Broom stocks, being square timber rough-sawn into sizes suitable for the 

manufacture of broom handles , 20% 

Laths, for blind's 30% 



. LUMBERMAN'S AND LOGGER'S GUIDE 91 

DUTIES ON LUMBER— Continued 
AUSTRALIA— Continued 

Per 1000 
Pes. 

Laths, n. e. i 10s. Od. 

Palings 15s. Od. 

Shingles 5s. Od. 

Per 100 
Pes. 

Pickets, undressed 3s. 6d. 

Pickets, dressed 7s. Od. 

Staves, undressed Is. Od. 

Staves, dressed or partly dressed, but not shaped 4s. Od. 

Per 100 

Lineal Pt. 
Architraves, moldings, n. e. i., and skirtings of any material 6s. Od. 

In the foregoing table the import duties are the same for the General Tariff, 
and Preferential Tariff on lumber the produce or manufacture of the United King- 
dom, with the exception that on "Picture and room moldings." the Preferential 
Tariff is 30% Ad Valorum. 

"N. e. i." mean's "not elsewhere included." 

BERMUDA 

Box material for export use. Barrels, Cooperage Stock Free 

All other wood and timber Ad "Valorum 10% 



BRITISH INDIA 

Ad Val. 

Railway sleepers ( ties) 2 % % 

Firewood; racks for the withering of tea-leaf; also tea-chests, made up or not 2y z % 
All other wood and timber 7 % % 



BRITISH SOUTH AFRICA 

"Wood, unmanufactured; ceiling and flooring boards, planed, tongued, and 
grooved; material's for use in construction of telegraph and telephone lines; posts, 
gates, hurdles, and other materials ordinarily used for agricultural or railway 
fencing; railway or tramway sleepers; permanent or fixed railway signals; staves, 
not further worked than roughly fashioned. 

Under British Preferential Tariff Free 

Ad. Val. 

Under General Tariff 3 % 

All other wood and timber: 

Under British Preferential Tariff 12% 

Under General Tariff 15 % 



CEYI.ON 

Timber, not prepared; shooks and staves; empty casks; sandal and dye-woods; 

and other woods, unwrought Free 

Wood, imported in shooks or in any form, in which it may be used* in making 
tea boxes, or boxes used for the despatch of samples of tea or other Ceylon 

products Free 

Ad. Val. 

All other wood and timber 5 % % 



92 LUMBERMAN'S AND LOGGER'S GUIDE , 

DUTIES ON LUMBER— Continued 

CHINA 

Haikwan Taels 

Timber, beams, hard wood per cubic foot 0.020 

Soft wood, including Douglas fir and California redwood, on a thickness of 

1 in per 1,000 sup. ft. 1.150 

Laths per thousand 0.210 

Masts and Spars, hard wood Ad Val. 5 % 

Masts and Spars, soft wood Ad Val. 5% 

Piles and Piling, including Douglas fir and California redwood, on a thicknes's 

of 1 in per 1,000 sup. ft. 1.150 

Planks, hard wood per cubic foot 0.020 

Planks and Flooring, soft wood, including Douglas fir and California redwood, 

and allowing 10 per cent, of each shipment to be tongued and grooved, on 

a thickness of 1 in per 1,000 ft. 1.15* 

Planks and Flooring, soft wood, tongued and grooved, in excess of above 10 

per cent Ad Val. 5 % 

Railway sleepers Ad Val. 5% 

Wood not otherwise specified 6 % 

Note: — The Haikwan (Customs) Tael is not a coin but a weight in silver, th« 
exchange value fluctuates from 63 to 66 cents. 

FIJI ISLANDS 

General Tariff on Timber, August, 1916. 
Class of Timber — 

Ad. Val. 

Timber cut for cases, not exceeding 3 feet in length 12% °/o 

Doors and sash 12 % % 

Timber dressed or undressed, not over two inches wide 12% % 

PBANCE 

Rates of Duty in Dollars 
Per 100 Pounds 
General Minimum 
Tariff Tariff 

Logs, rough, not squared, with or without the bark, of any length, 
and of a circumference at the thick end of more than 60 cm. 

(23.622 inches) 088 *.057 

Wood, sawed or squared. 80 mm. (3.1496 inches) or more in 

thickness 13 *.088 

Wood sawed or squared, exceeding 35 mm. (1.37795 inches) but 

less than 80 mm. (3.1496 inches) in thickness 15 *.ll 

Wood, sawed, 35 mm. (1.37795 inches) or less in thickness 22 *.15 

Surfaced wood, planed, grooved and (or) tongued planks, strips 
and veneers for parquetry, planed grooved and (or) tongued: 

Of oak or other hard wood .66 .44 

Of fir or other soft wood .46 .31 

Stavewood — Means split wood which is intended exclusively for 
cooperage or packing purposes. The customs treatment of 
stave wood is also applicable to sawed staves manifestly in- 
tended for the manufacture of casks .11 *.06« 

Splints- — strips and laths, cut. sawed or split of a thickness hot 

exceeding 1 cm. (0.3937 inches) 18 .13 

Cedar, sawed. 20 cm. (7.874 inches) or less in thickness Free Free 

Doors windows, Venetian blinds, shutters, roll shutters, roller 
blind's, wood paneling, and joiners work put together or not: 
Of hard wood, including articles partly of hard and 

partly of soft wood 2.63 1.75 

Of soft wood 1.66 1.09 

Painted, varnished, or lacquered in a uniform color 3.93 2.63 

Carved or with raised or sunken ornaments, gilded, or 
with designs in imitation of the grain of the wood, or other 6.57 4.38 

* Applies to imports originating in the United States or Porto Rico. 
If not otherwise indicated imports originating in the United States and Porto 
Rico are dutiable under the general tariff. 



LUMBERMAN'S AND LOGGER'S GUIDE 93 

DUTIES ON LUMBER— Continued 

JAMAICA 

All materials for use exclusively in the construction and equipment of railways 

and tramways Free 

Wood for hoops and truss-hoops; staves and heading's; shooks for tierces, pun- 
cheons, barrels, hogsheads, and casks; shooks for boxes or crates to be 
used in packing native agricultural produce , Free 

Pitch pine, white pine, and other lumber: 

Rough or sawn, per 1,000 sup. ft. (1 in. thick) 9s 

Planed, smoothed, grooved and tongued, ceiling and flooring boards; clinker 
or beaded boards, not otherwise manufactured, per 1.000 sup. ft. (1 in. 
thick) 14s 

Shingles, cypress, more than 12 in. in length, per 1,000 6s 

Shingles, wallaba, per 1,000 6s 

Shingles, other Ad. Val. 4s 

JAPAN 

Wood, cut, sawn or split, simply: Pine, Douglas Fir, or Cedar: — 

Cedar not exceeding 20 cm. in length. 7 cm. in width and 17 mm. in 

thickness Free 

Not exceeding 65 mm. in thickness per cubic metre 3.10 yen 

Other per cubic metre 1.80 yen 

Wood pipe and tubes Ad Val. 25% 

Pulp for Paper making: — 

Mechanical Pulp per 100 kin 0.22 yen 

Other per 100 kin 0.27 yen 

The Japanese Yen equals 100 sen and is the equivalent to $0,498 U. S. money. 
The Kin equals 1.32277 pounds. 

Tariff on 

NEW ZEALAND Goods from 

any part's of 

Gen. Tariff Brit. Doms. 

Timber, palings, split, per 100 2s 2s 

Posts, split, per 100 8s 8s 

Rails, 'split, per 100 , 4s 4s 

Sawn, dressed, per 100 super ft 4s 4s 

Sawn, rough, per 100 super ft 2s 2s 

Shingles and laths, per 1,000 2s 2s 

Doors and sashes, either plain or glazed, with ornamental glass 

Ad. Val 30% 20% 

Woodenware and turnery, n. o. e. and veneers Ad Val. 30% 20% 

PERU 

Sleepers of common wood Free 

Masts of all kinds, unwrought Free 

Sawn in boards, joists, beams, girders and other unenumerated shapes, per 

0.023 m. in thickness: — 

Pine, laurel, larch, and similar Free 

The same, planed, tongued or grooved, or wrought in any manner, per 

cubic meter 14c 

TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO 

Articles imported specially for the furnishing, decoration, construction, and 
repair of churches used for public worship, on the signed declaration 
of the head of the denomination for which they are intended Free 

Timber, unmanufactured: 

Sawn or hewn, undressed, per 1,000 ft 8s 4d 

Sawn or hewn, wholly or partly dressed, per 1,000 ft 12s 6d 

Shingles, per 1,000 Is 6d 

All other wood and timber Ad Val. 10% 

UNITED STATES 

Paving posts, railroad ties, and telephone, trolley, electric light ,and telegraph 

poles of cedar or other woods Ad Val. 10% 

Casks, barrels, and hogsheads (empty) sugar-box shooks and packing boxes 

(empty) and packing-box shooks, of wood. n. s. p., Ad Val. 15% 

Veneers of wood Ad Val. 15 % 

Wood: Logs, timber, round unmanufactured, hewn or sawed, sided or squared; 
pulp woods, kindling wood, firewood, hop poles, hoop poles, fence posts, 
handle bolts, shingle bolts, gun blocks for gunstocks, rough hewn or sawed, 
or planed on one side; hubs for wheels, posts, heading bolts,' stave bolts, 
last block's, wagon blocks, oar blocks, heading blocks, and all like blocks. 
or sticks, rough hewn, sawed or bored; sawed boards, planks, deals, and 
other lumber, not further manufactured than sawed, planed, and tongued 
and grooved; clapboards, laths, pickets, palings, staves, shingles, ship 
timber, ship planking, broom handles, sawdust, and wood flour; all the 
foregoing n. s. p Fre« 

N. B. — Beaded ceiling and mouldings have been held to be free of duty. 



94 LUMBERMAN'S AND LOGGER'S GUIDE 



NAUTICAL MEASURES 

12 inches equals 1 foot 6 feet equals 1 fathom 

3 feet equals. 1 yard 3 nautical miles equals 1 league 

Sea or Nautical Mile— one-sixtieth of a degree of latitude, and varies from 6,046 

ft. on the Equator to 6,092 ft. in lat. 60°. 
Nautical Mile for speed trials, generally called the Admiralty Measured Mile — 

6,080 feet; 1.151 statute miles; 1,853 meters. 
Cable's length == the tenth of a nautical mile; or approximately, 100 fathoms or 

200 yards. 
A Knot = a nautical mile an hour, is a measure of speed, but is not infrequently, 
though erroneously, used as synonymous with a nautical mile. 
Length of European Measures of Distances compared with the Nautical Mile of 
6,080 feet: 

Length, in Length, in 

Nautical Nautical 

Miles Miles 

Nautical Mile 1.000 German Ruthen 4.064 

British Statute Land Mile ... 0.868 Italian Mile 1.000 

Austrian Mile 4.094 Norwegian Mile 6.097 

Danish Mile 4.064 Russian Verst 0.576 

French Kilometer 0.539 Swedish Mile 5.769 

German Geographical Mile . . . 4.000 

WATER MEASURE 
Weight of Fresh Water 

1 cubic inch .03617 pound. 

12 cubic inches .434 pound. 

1 cubic foot 62.5 pounds. 

1 cubic foot 7.48052 U. S. gallons. 

1.8 cubic feet 112.0 pounds. 
35.84 cubic feet 2240.0 pounds. 

1 cylindrical inch .02842 pound. 

12 cylindrical inches .341 pound. 

1 cylindrical foot 49.10 pounds. 

1 cylindrical foot 6.0 U. S. gallons. 

2.282 cylindrical feet 112.0 pounds. 
45.64 cylindrical feet 2240.0 pounds. 

1 Imperial gallon 10.0 pounds. 

11.2 imperial gallons 112.0 pounds. 

224 imperial gallons 2240.0 pounds. 

1 U. S. gallon 8.355 pounds. 

13.44 U. S. gallons 112.0 pounds. 

268.8 U. S. gallons 2240.0 pounds. 

NOTE — The centre of pressure of water against the side of the containing vessel 
or reservoir is at two-thirds the depth from the surface. 

WEIGHT OF SALT WATER 

At 62° Fahrenheit 

1 cubic inch 259 grs. 

1 cubic foot 64.11 pounds. 

1 imperial gallon 10.27 pounds. 

1 U. S. gallon 8.558 pounds. 

1 long ton (2240 pounds) 35 cubic feet. 

1 long ton (2240 pounds) 218.11 imperial gallons. 

1 long ton (2240 pounds) 240 U. S. gallons. 

1 short ton (2000 pounds) 31.2 cubic feet. 

1 short ton (2000 pounds) 194.74 imperial gallons. 

1 short ton (2000 pounds) 233.7 U. S. gallons. 

DENSITY OF WATER AND COAL CONSUMPTION 

When figuring on a vessel's draft allowance must be made for density of water ; 
that is? the difference In weight between fresh and salt water, a^o ^sumption o 
coal on inland waters. The usual method employed is to add to draft at load line 
one or two inches according to circumstances. 

IMMERSION IN SALT AND FRESH WATER 

To find the difference of immersion or draft in salt and fresh water: If from 
Bslt to fresh multiply the draft of 'salt water by 36, and divide ; the product .toy ' db. 
If from ttesh to salt, multiply the draft of fresh water by 35 and divide the product 
by 36. 
B " Rehired the draft of a vessel in fresh water when drawing 20 ft. in salt water: 

20 ft. X 36 = 720 ^ 35 = 20 ft. 7 in. 



LUMBERMAN'S AND LOGGER'S GUIDE 95 



BARRELS 

To find the number of gallons in a cask or barrel. 
Rule: 

Take all the dimensions in inches. Add the head and bung 1 diameters and 
divide by 2 for the approximate mean diameter. Square the mean diameter and 
multiply by the depth. Multiply the result by .0034 for gallons. 
Example: 

How many gallons are contained in a cask the bung diameter of which is 24 
inches, the head diameter, 22 inches, and the depth 30 inches? 
Operation : 

22 -f 24=46 -r- 2=23 (mean diameter). Square of 23=529X30 (depth)=15870. 
15870 X. 0034=53. 9 gallons. 

MEASURING TANKS 

To find the number of gallons contained in a tank. 
Rule: 

Multiply the cubic capacity in feet by 7.48. 
Example: 

How many gallons in a tank 6x6x4 feet? 
Explanation : 

6X3X4=72 cubic feet. 7.48X72=538.56 gallons. 538.56-^-31^=17.10—. bbl. 

CISTERNS 

To find the capacity of a cistern. 
Rule: 

Multiply the square of the diameter by the depth: this will give the cylindrical 
feet; multiply the cylindrical feet by 5% for gallons; .1865 for barrels, or .09325 
for hogsheads. 
Example: 

How many gallons in a cistern 42 feet in diameter, 12 feet deep? 
Operation: 

42X42=1764; 1764X12=21168; 5% X 21168=124362 gallons-=Answer. 
How many barrels? — Answer, 394.8. 



EXPLANATION OF TONNAGE AND DISPLACEMENT 

Many different tonnage units are employed in the overseas export trade. Tonnage 
is of two general kinds: cargo tonnage, which expresses the quantity of cargo being 
shipped, and vessel tonnage, which expresses the size or capacity of the ship. 

CARGO TONNAGE 

Cargo tonnage may be stated in four ways: (1) Long tons of 2,240 pounds 
each, (2) metric tons of 2,204 pounds, (3) short tons of 2,000 pound's, or (4) meas- 
urement tons — usually of 40 cubic feet. Long tons and measurement tons are most 
commonly used in the overseas export trade of the United States, the former 
usually in connection with cargoes shipped in terms of their weight, and the latter 
in connection with light freight or general cargoes which are frequently shipped 
on the basis of the space which they occupy. 

VESSEL TONNAGE 

Vessel tonnage is expressed in four ways: (1) Displacement tonnage, (2) dead- 
weight tonnage, (3) gross tonnage, (4) net tonnage. Displacement tonnage indi- 
cates the weight of the vessel or of the water displaced by it and in the United 
States is expressed in terms of the avoirdupois ton of 2,240 pounds. It may be either 
"light displacement," which represents the vessel's weight when its crew and 
•supplies are on board, but before any fuel, cargo or passengers have been loaded; 
or, it may be "maximum" or "full load displacement," which represents the vessel's 
weight when fully loaded to its deep load line. 



96 LUMBERMAN'S AND LOGGER'S GUIDE 



DEADWEIGHT TONNAGE 

A vessel's deadweight tonnage represents the maximum weight of cargo and 
fuel which it is able to carry when loaded to its deep load line. It is the difference 
between its light and maximum displacement tonnage, and is, in case of the United 
States, usually expressed in terms of the long ton. 

GROSS TONNAGE 

The gross register tonnage of a vessel is its total inclosed content expressed 
in tons of 100 cubic feet, as ascertained by the measurement authorities of the 
vessel's home country. 

NET TONNAGE 

A vessel's net tonnage, theoretically, should represent the cubical contents of 
the space available for cargoes and passengers expressed in tons of 100 cubic feet. 
In practice, however, it understates the real net capacity of a vessel and varies 
according to the particular national measurement rules which are applied. Net 
tonnage is ascertained by making certain deductions from the vessel's gross tonnage 
as prescribed by the measurement rules of various countries. 



DOUGLAS FIR SHIPMENTS 



POINTERS FOR SHIPOWNERS ON LUMBER CARRYING CAPACITY OF 

STEAMERS 

When figuring on the lumber carrying capacity of steamers, allowance must 
be made for bunker coal, stores, provisions, boiler and feed water, water ballast, 
type of vessel, and height of deckload she will safely carry, also proportion of sizes 
and lengths in the lumber specifications suitable for stowage on deck and in the 
various compartments under deck, the number of timbers to be carried, and whether 
short lumber, pickets and or lath will be supplied for broken stowage. 

In a large number of instances specifications contain every requisite for making 
good stowage, but it is of no avail if the lengths and sizes are not piled on the 
dock prior to shipment so as to be available at the right time and place to fill the 
various compartments. 

If the lumber for shipment is not placed on the dock right, poor stowage and 
a great decrease in the amount of cargo the vessel should carry will be the result 
and the time of loading will often be increased several days. 

Poor stowage under deck results in vessel becoming top heavy, and conse- 
quently the usual height of deckload cannot be carried, as extra ballast tanks have 
to be filled to stiffen vessel and keep her upright. 

This seriously affects the cargo carrying capacity of a vessel; for instance, 
filling a ballast tank of 300 tons would decrease the amount of cargo carried by 
200,000 board feet of lumber. 

When a steamer lists before she has a reasonable deckload, the cause should be 
investigated. There are instances where the fuel for main or donkey boilers is 
taken from one 'side of the upper portion of bunkers, emptying or filling a boiler, 
feeding water in boilers from one side of an engine tank with a central division, 
filling or emptying ballast tanks, or slack water in ballast tanks; the latter being 
the principal cause. 

TO COMPUTE LUMBER CARRYING CAPACITY UNDER DECK 

To compute lumber carrying capacity of a steamer, ascertain from the builder's 
plan the cubical capacity (bale space) of the various compartments, add together 
and multiply the total by 8%; the result will be the capacity in board feet. 

Example : 

How much lumber in board feet will a steamer carry under deck with a total 
cargo carrying capacity of 300,000 cubic feet (bale space) 
Operation : 

300,000X8.^=2,500,000, the amount in board feet. 

Note: 

To multiply by 8y 3 add two ciphers and divide by 12. 



LUMBERMAN'S AND LOGGER'S GUIDE 97 



TO COMPUTE DEADWEIGHT LUMBER CARRYING CAPACTY OP A STEAMER 

To ascertain the deadweight lumber carrying capacity of a steamer, the fol- 
lowing particulars should be obtained: 

Distance between sailing and discharging port. 
Speed of vessel, and daily coal consumption. 
Weight of ship's stores and provisions. 
Estimate of water ballast required. 
Bunker coal necessary for voyage. 

The first thing to do is to find out from the builder's plan, owners or officers 
of vessel, the speed in knots per hour and daily coal consumption; then compute the 
bunker coal required for the voyage as follows: 

Example : 

How much bunker coal will a steamer consume on a voyage from Seattle, Wash., 
U. S. A., to Sydney, N. S. W., Australia, the distance being 6829 nautical miles, 
speed 8 knots (nautical miles) per hour, and the daily consumption 29 tons of coal? 

Multiply the knots (8) by 24; this gives the distance traveled per day. Then 
divide the result (192) into the distance between loading and discharging port. 
In this case it is 6829 nautical miles; the answer will be the number of days 
occupied on voyage. Now multiply the number of days by the coal consumption 
(29) and you will have the bunker coal required for the voyage. 

Operation: 

8X24=192, the daily speed. 6829-^-192=35.57, the number of days on voyage. 
35.57X29=1031.53, the amount of bunker coal in tons required for the voyage. 

Note: 

It is customary to allow a few days reserve coal so that if steamer meets with 
an accident or bad weather the extra coal should enable her to reach port in ' 
safety. In this case an allowance of three days reserve coal should suffice. 

METHOD OP ESTIMATING DEADWEIGHT TOTALS BEFORE OR AFTER 

LOADING 

Capacity of vessel 7200 tons deadweight. 

Tons 

Bunker coal 1031 

Bunker coal, reserve 87 

Water ballast 400 

Engine tank, fresh water 182 

Stores and provisions 75 

Fresh drinking water 25 

1800 
3,600,000 ft. @ 1% tons per 1000 ft 5400 

7200 
The ordinary tramp steamer with coal for bunker fuel will not stand up with a 
high deckload without water ballast, therefore in the foregoing estimate a fair 
allowance has been made. 

TO COMPUTE DUMBER CARRYING CAPACITY OP A STEAMER ON DECK 

This is practically impossible, as so much depends on the stowage of cargo 
under deck, and also the height at which the bunker coal is stowed, whether it is 
winter or summer loading, the type and beam of vessel and amount of water ballast 
required. 

When estimating on the amount of deckload always take the possible height 
into consideration, and remember that a steamer cannot carry more than her dead- 
weight according to displacement scale. 

The trick in loading steamers with lumber is to load them with the minimum 
of water ballast, and that can only be done by having an expert supervise the 
assembling or piling of the cargo beforehand, and taking advantage of every point 
during loading. This will greatly assist the stevedore, the mill company and ship's 
officers, and be of immense benefit to all concerned. 



98 



LUMBERMAN'S AND LOGGER'S GUIDE 



NEWSPRINT PAPER 



CARGO SHIPMENTS OF PAPER IN CONJUNCTION WITH DOUGLAS FIR 

AND REDWOOD 

As the shipment of print paper in rolls from British Columbia and the Pacific 
ports of the United States to Australia, New Zealand and other countries will sup- 
plant this trade which formerly was held by Germany, the following information 
will be of considerable assistance to those interested in this particular line. 

The ordinary tramp steamer of about 7000 tons deadweight can carry a full 
cargo of paper under deck, with Redwood doorstock and / or dry lath or pickets for 
stowage, also a deckload of lumber equal in capacity and height to the amount that 
the steamer would ordinarily carry with a straight cargo of Douglas Fir, pro- 
vided that good stowage is made both under and on deck. 

DIMENSIONS OF PAPER ROLLS 

Paper rolls vary according to orders of foreign buyers, though they usually 
run from 21% inches to 84 inches in height, with a preponderance of 39-inch rolls. 
The diameter of rolls vary, but 34 to 36 inches could be considered a fair average. 
The height of roll is the net size (the width of paper) and an allowance of three 
inches extra in height should be made for wrapping paper. 

In some cases the ends of rolls are wooded, which means that the top and / or 
bottom ends are protected by boards about three-quarters of an inch in thickness 
and shaped to conform to the circular area of the end of the roll. The length 
and gross weight in pounds is stencilled on the side of each roll. 

Rolls about 21 inches in height are called cheese rolls at point of shipment. 
This is on account of their resembling a roll of cheese. 

These rolls are a very valuable aid to stowage. They can be used on their 
bilge or flat side to great advantage in the wings, between the top course of paper 
and beams, or any place where a larger roll would not go. 

The following is an original specification of a shipment of paper rolls for 
Sydney, Australia, which gives a very fair idea of the dimensions and weight of 
the average paper roll: 

SPECIFICATIONS GIVING DIMENSIONS AND WEIGHT OF NEWSPAPER 
ROLLS FOR FOREIGN SHIPMENT 

Number Average Gross Tare Net 

of Height Diam. Weight Wetight Weight Weight 

Rolls Inches Inches in Pounds in Pounds in Pounds in Pounds 

641 39 34 710 454,972 13,621 441,351 

180 35 34 650 117,107 3,600 113,507 

600 39 34 650 390,348 12,750 377,598 

1,844 84 36 1,700 3,126,236 95,888 3,030,348 

1,827 42 36 836 1,526,682 39,280 1,487,402 

1,023 21% 36 435 445,386 14,322 431,064 

6,115 6,060,731 179,461 5,881.270 



HOW TO DUNNAGE AND STOW PAPER ROLLS IN A SHIP'S HOLD 

Stanchions, pillars, frames or any section of compartment composed of steel or 
iron should be covered with burlap or otherwise dunnaged so as to prevent paper 
from being damaged through coming in contact with or chafing against the steel or 
iron parts mentioned. 

Before loading, the floors of the various holds should be dunnaged with lumber 
to prevent damage and levelled to make a solid foundation for the paper rolls. 
The after holds and especially the aftermost hold where the rise of the floor is very 
acute, should be filled with cargo other than paper if available to about the top 
of the shaft tunnel. 

Paper rolls must be stowed on end on a practically level floor; if stowed on 
bilge (side) they would be crushed out of shape by the upper courses and ren- 
dered useless for the purpose for which they are intended as they would not then 
revolve evenly on the newspaper machine cylinder. 

Cargo hooks must not be used to handle paper rolls, and extreme care must be 
used to guard against the rolls striking against side of vessel, hatch coamings or 
other obstructions during process of loading. 

If order of loading permits, the longest rolls should be stowed first in the hold; 
then the next to the longest length in rotation, reserving the shorter rolls to be 
used where a long roll cannot be stowed. 



. LUMBERMAN'S AND LOGGER'S GUIDE 99 

NEWSPRINT PAPER-Continued 

SHORT STOWAGE REQUIRED 

Short 'stowage which must be dry is required to fill spaces between paper rolls; 
also in wings (sides), against iron bulkheads and in vacant spaces between the top 
course of rolls and beams of vessel. 

One hundred thousand board feet of dry doorstock, box shooks, dry lath or dry 
pickets is required to stow one thousand gross long tons of paper. 

If lumber or stowage is loaded on steamer prior to taking paper cargo, it 
should be stowed in one end of each compartment only, preferably the narrow end. 

If spread over the entire floor space it would have to be rehandled and thus 
delay the work of loading. When stowed in one end of a compartment, work of 
loading can commence in the vacant end immediately vessel arrives at paper mill, 
and the stowage in the other end can be used when required without retarding the 
work. 

It is a cardinal rule never to use a short roll except for an emergency, as 
they are easily handled and if they are not all utilized during loading they will 
come in very handy to finish off with. 

CUBIC STOWAGE PER TON OF PAPER SOILS 
Under favorable conditions such as a vessel with large compartments or when 
the orders contain a large quantity of medium sized rolls or of a length that will 
stow from floor to beams without loss of space, about ninety-one cubic feet bale 
space should be allowed for one gross long ton of paper. 

When there is a great variety of sizes, or the lengths are such that good 
stowage cannot be made owing to build of vessel or for any reason that results in 
a loss of space between the upper course and beams an allowance of at least ninety- 
five cubic feet bale space should be made. 

BUNKER SPACE 

All available 'space under deck should be reserved for cargo, and only enough 
bunker capacity allowed to cover the run on the longest leg of the voyage. For 
instance, a steamer from British Columbia or the U. S. North Pacific Coast, with 
a cargo destined for Sydney, Australia, should not take coal for the entire voyage, 
but should replenish her bunkers at Honolulu, Hawaii, taking sufficient coal there 
to safely carry her to Sydney. 

By referring to the following distances the benefit of replenishing bunkers at 
Honolulu will be apparent: 

Distance from Victoria, B. C, to Honolulu, 2349 nautical miles. 

Distance from Port Townsend, Wash., to Honolulu, 2366 nautical miles. 

Distance from Honolulu to Sydney, Australia, 4420 nautical miles. 

A vessel making nine knots per hour on a daily consumption of 28 tons of 
coal would be 20V 2 days on the voyage from Honolulu to Sydney, and would require 
a minimum of 574 tons of coal. To this amount should be added about four days' 
extra supply of coal or 112 tons as a reserve against accident or bad weather. 

STABILITY 

Contrary to a general supposition a steamer with a full cargo of paper under 
deck, and broken spaces well filled with short stowage, and a full and complete 
deckload of about 800,000 board feet of Douglas Fir and averaging about eleven 
feet in height, will stand up as well at the finish as if the entire cargo was Douglas 
Fir. 

The reason for this is. that with a paper cargo under deck all bottom ballast 
tanks would be full, and with a straight cargo of Douglas Fir about half of the 
bottom ballast tanks of a capacity of say 600 tons would be empty. Therefore the 
extra weight of ballast required for a paper cargo would be in the bottom of the 
vessel and offset the heavier weight of Douglas Fir at a higher elevation in the 
hold. 

DEADWEIGHT 

The ordinary tramp steamer loaded under foregoing conditions would prob- 
ably be six to ten inches off her summer marks with all bottom ballast tanks full. 

Therefore if it is possible to obtain as cargo about 500 tons deadweight of iron, 
lead, 'steel, tin, canned salmon or any commodity of a specific gravity several times 
heavier than water that can safely be stowed in bottom of vessel it would be an 
aid to stability and add to freight profits by replacing a large portion of water 
ballast with profitable cargo. 

POINTERS ON FILLING BALLAST TANKS 

In loading steamer with a combination of paper and lumber it is good policy 
to regulate the weight of cargo and stowage in such a manner that the vessel can 
be loaded to her marks with one or more small double bottom ballast tanks empty, 
so that in event of vessel becoming tender towards the end of the voyage, through 
burning the coal stowed in the lower part of bunkers, the bottom tanks could be 
filled and the steamer would retain her stability by substituting the water ballast 
for coal. 

If possible leave tanks of small capacity empty, as they are only filled during 
voyage in case of emergency, it being considered a hazardous undertaking for a 
steamer with a high deckload to fill a large tank at sea, as the rolling of vessel 
would cause the slack water to rush to one side of the tank which would probably 
result in the steamer taking a very dangerous list. 



100 LUMBERMAN'S AND LOGGER'S GUIDE 



CONVERSION OF U. S. AND ENGLISH MONEY 

According to Act of Congress, March 8, 1873, the Pound Sterling of Great 
Britain equals $4.8665 ; the value of one shilling equals $0.24 % ; the value of 
one penny equals $0.02. 

Table of Sterling- Money 

4 Farthings (far) equal 1 penny (d.). 
12 Pence equal 1 shilling (s.). 
20 Shillings equal 1 pound (£). 

A Simple Process to Change Pounds, Shillings and Pence to 
Dollars and Cents 

Reduce pounds to shillings, add in the shillings, if any, and multiply the 
sum by .24^; if any pence are given, increase the product by TWICE as 
many cents. 

Reduce £185, 17s. and 9d. to U. S. money: 

185x20—3700 
17 

Shillings, 3717 

3717X-24y 3 =904.47 

+9d.= .18 



Ans. $904.65 

Another Simple Method to Reduce Pounds to Dollars, and Vice Versa 
Exchange Being at $4.8665 

Multiply the number of pounds by 73, and divide the product by 15; the 
result will express its equivalent in dollars and cents. Or, 

Multiply dollars by 15 and dividing the product by 73, will give its 
equivalent in Pounds and decimals of a Pound. 

How many dollars. in £96? 
£96x 7 % 5 =$467.20. Ans. 

How many pounds in $839.50? 
$839.50x 15 /73= £172.5. Ans. 

TO COMPUTE LUMBER SHIPMENTS IN POUNDS, SHILLINGS AND PENCE 

In making up Bills of Lading- for British countries, the rate per thousand is 
invariably figured in English mnoey. The following method explains the usual way 
of computing the freight in pounds, shillings and pence. 

Example No. 1: 

What will the total freight amount to in sterling money on a shipment of 
lumber containing 220,024 board feet at £3 10s. Od. per thousand. 

Operation : 

220,024 X £3y 2 (£3 10s.) equals £770.084 

20 



Shillings 1.680 
12 



Pence 8.160 
Answer: £770 Is. 8d. 



Explanation: 



As the rate of freight is per thousand feet, point off three figures and multiply 
by £314, which is the equivalent of £3 10s. Od. This gives £770 and decimal .084 of a 
pound. Multiply .084 by 20 to obtain the shillings and .680 by 12 to obtain the pence. 



LUMBERMAN'S AND LOGGER'S GUIDE 1 1 

TO COMPUTE LUMBER SHI 'MENTS- Continued 

Example No. 2: 

What will the total freight amount to in sterling money on a shipment of lum- 
ber containing 86,976 board feet at £2 6s. 9d. per thousand? 

In this instance it is advisable to bring the pounds and shillings to pone*, 
which in this case amounts to 561 pence. 

Operation : 

86.976 Board Feet 
561 Pence 



86976 
521856 
434880 

12)48793.536 

20)4066.128 (Multiply .128 by 12 to obtain the pence which is 1.536 or iy 2 d., 

203.6 
Answer: £203 6s. l%d. 

Explanation: 

As the rate of freight is per thousand, point off three figures and multiply by 
561 (the pence). Divide the product by 12 which gives 4066 shillings and decimal 
point 128 of a shilling. Now divide 4066 shillings by 20, to. obtain the pounds. This 
gives 203 pounds and six shillings. To obtain the pence multiply .128 by 12; this 
gives 1.536 or iy 2 pence. 

TO MAKE A WATCH ANSWER FOR A COMPASS 

If the watch is on time, turn it around so that the hour hand will point t» 
the sun. Then .iust mid-way between where the hour hand points on the dial and 
12 o'clock on the dial, is SOUTH. 

It is of no consequence what time of day, or what time of year it is — the rule 
applies at all times any place north of the equator. 

Absolute exactness is not claimed for this rule, but it is always near enough 
for practical purposes. 

Note — Pay no attention to the minute hand. 



LONGITUDE AND TIME 

Since the earth revolves around its axis in 24 hours, and its circumference is 
divided into 360 degrees, the sun apparently passes over 15 degrees in 1 hour 
(360 -f- 24 = 15) ; and consequently over 1 degree in 4 minutes (60 -~ 15 = 4). 
Hence, these simple Rules: 

Rule — Multiplying the Longitude, expressed in degrees, by 4 gives the equiva- 
lent Time expressed in minutes. • 

Rule — Dividing the Time, expressed in minutes, by 4 gives the equivalent 
Longitude expressed in degrees. 

The difference in Longitude between Boston and San Francisco is nearly 51 x k 
degrees; what is the difference in Time? 

Answer — 51*4 X 4 = 205 min., or 3 h. 25 min. 

The difference in Time between London and New York is nearly 4 h. and 51 Mt 
min.; what is the difference in Longitude? 

Answer — 4 h. 55^ min.==295^ min. 295^ -4-4=73 % deg. 

Notes — A degree of Longitude at the equator is 69.16 miles; at ten degrees of 
Latitude. 68 miles; at twenty degrees, 65 miles; at thirty degrees. 60 miles; at 
forty degrees, 53 miles; at fifty degrees. 44.5 miles; at sixty degrees, 34.6 miles, etc. 
Thus longitude gradually diminishes with each degree of latitude, till at the poles 
it runs to nothing, as all the meridians converge from the equator to a point at 
the poles. 

The degrees of Latitude run parallel, and would be equally distant apart were 
the earth a perfect sphere, but owing to its polar diameter being 26^ miles shorter 
than its equatorial diameter, the first degree being 68.8 miles; th forty-fifth, 6> 
miles, and the ninetieth, 69.4 miles. 

The earth's equatorial diameter is 7925.6 miles. Its polar diameter, 7899.1 miles. 



102 LUMBERMAN'S AND LOGGER'S GUIDE 

BENEFIT OF TABLE OF 
DISTANCES AND DIFFERENCE IN TIME TABLE 

The table of distances and difference in time table included in this work will 
prove a valuable aid to shipowners and lumbermen engaged in the export cargo 
trade, as it will enable them to quickly arrive at the distance between loading 
and discharging ports, and the time that vessel would be due to arrive at destination. 

Steamers on long voyages do not always go direct to destination, but invariably 
stop at one or more coaling ports for bunkers. 

The distances in this book are arranged with this object in view, thereby 
enabling the reader to ascertain the distance from the principal ports of the world 
to any Douglas Fir or Redwood cargo mill on the Pacific Coast. 

Vessel's destined for British Columbia ports usually stop first at Victoria, Van- 
couver Island; for Puget Sound ports at Port Townsend, Wash.; for Portland and 
Columbia River ports at Astoria, Ore. This stop is made for any of the following 
reasons: To call for orders, pass quarantine, fumigate, enter, or take a local pilot 
if proceeding to inland waters. 

To ascertain the distance between ports it is often necessary to refer to one 
or more route ports. As an illustration, presume you wish to find the distance from 
Seattle, Wash., to Liverpool, England, you would trace the distance by following 
the nearest navigable route, which is as follows: 

Seattle, Wash., to Port Townsend 39 Nautical Miles 

Port Townsend to Panama, C. Z 3985 Nautical Miles 

Panama, C. Z.. to Colon, C. Z 43 Nautical Mile's 

Colon. C. Z., to Liverpool, via Mona Passage 4548 Nautical Miles 

Total distance 8615 Nautical Miles 

To trace the distance to the Mediterranean Sea ports, such as Barcelona, 
Spain; Marseilles, France; Genoa and Naples, Italy, and Alexandria and Port Said, 
Egypt, use the following route ports: Panama, Colon and Gibraltar. 

LENGTH OF PANAMA CANAL 

The distance from Panama Roads, Canal Zone, to Colon, Canal Zone, is 43 
nautical ,or 50 statute, miles. 

TO COMPUTE TIME OCCUPIED ON VOYAGE 

To compute the number of days that a full powered steamer would occupy on 
a voyage, the following data is necessary. 

Difference in time between port of departure and port of destination. Distance 
between ports, and the speed of steamer in knots (nautical miles) per hour. 

Example: 

A steamer averaging 10 knots per hour leaves Sydney, New South Wales, 
Eastern Australia, at 6 a. m., January 2nd (Australian time), bound for Portland, 
Oregon. When is she due ai destination? 

Process : 

By referring to the "Difference in Time Table," you will note the difference in 
time between Eastern Australia and the U. S. Pacific Coast is 18 hours. Therefore 
the first thing to do is to adjust the Australian time to correspond to that of the 
U. S. Pacific Coast, which in this case will be noon, January 1st. The number of 
nautical miles from port to port is found by reference to the Honolulu "Distance 
Table," which gives the distance to both Sydney and Portland, the total being 6,752 
nautical miles. 

The number of knots per hour (10) is multiplied by (24) the hours per day, 
which equals 240 knots, or nautical miles, and is divided into 6752, the number of 
nautical miles covered by steamer on voyage, which gives 28.133 days, or the 
equivalent of 23 days 3 hours. 

This i's added to the Pacific Coast time of steamer's departure from Sydney, 
making January 29th three p. m. as the time vessel is due at Portland, Oregon, 
without allowing for stoppages. 

Note: 

It is customary for a steamer destined for Portland, Oregon, to proceed to the 
entrance of the Columbia River, and there pick up a bar pilot, who takes the vessel 
to Astoria. 

The services of the bar pilot are dispensed with at Astoria, where a Columbia 
River pilot is engaged to take the vessel to Portland. 



LUMBERMAN'S AND LOGGER'S GUIDE 



103 



DIFFERENCE IN TIME TABLE 



When it is noon today from Vancouver, B. C. to San Diego. California: 

n Washington and Boston it 

n New York and Philadelphia it 

n Chicago, St. Louis and New Orleans.. it 

n Cheyenne and Denver it 

n Sitka, Alaska it 

n Porto Rico it 

n Panama Canal Zone it 

n Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands it 

n Tutuila, Samoa it 

n Guam Islands it 

n Manila, Philippine Islands it 

n Argentine it 

n Australia, Western it 

n Australia, Central it 

n Australia, Eastern it 

n Austria-Hungary it 

n Belgium it 

n Borneo (British North) and Labuan . .it 

n Brazil (Rio de Janeiro) it 

n Chile it 

n China (Hongkong) it 

n China (Saigon) it 

n Colombia (Bogota) it 

n Costa Rica it 

n Cuba it 

n Denmark it 

n Ecuador it 

n Egypt it 

n England it 

n Fiji Islands (Suva) it 

n France it 

n Germany it 

n Gibraltar it 

n Greece it 

n Holland it 

n Honduras it 

n India (Madras) it 

n Ireland it 

n Italy it 

n Jamaica (Kingston) it 

n Japan it 

n Java it 

n Korea it 

n Madagascar (Tananarivo) it 

n Malta it 

n Mauritius it 

n Mexico it 

n Newfoundland it 

n New Zealand it 

n Nicaragua it 

n Nome, Dutch Harbor it 

n Norway it 

n Peru it 

n Portugal it 

n Russia (Irkutsk) it 

n Russia (Pulkova) it 

n Russia (Vladivostok) it 

n Singapore it 

n Spain it 

n Sweden • it 

n Switzerland it 

n Tunis it 

n Turkey it 

n Uruguay it 

n Valdez, Fairbanks, Tanana it 

n Venezuela it 



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p.m. 


today 


is 


9:00 


p.m. 


today 


is 


2:45 


p.m. 


today 


is 


10:00 


p.m. 


today 


rs 


8:00 


p.m. 


today 


is 


8:00 


a.m. 


tomorrow 


IS 


8:00 


p.m. 


today 


is 


9:00 


p.m. 


today 


is 


8:00 


p.m. 


today 


IS 


9:30 


p.m. 


today 


IS 


8:00 


p.m. 


today 


is 


2:00 


p.m. 


today 


IS 


1:30 


a.m. 


tomorrow 


IS 


7:30 


p.m. 


today 


IS 


9:00 


p.m. 


today 


IS 


3:00 


p.m. 


today 


IS 


5:00 


a.m. 


tomorrow 


rs 


3:00 


a.m. 


tomorrow 


IS 


5:00 


a.m. 


tomorrow 


IS 


11:00 


p.m. 


today 


is 


9:00 


p.m. 


today 


is 


midnight 


tonight 


is 


1:30 


p.m. 


today 


is 


4:30 


p.m. 


today 


IS 


7:30 


a.m. 


tomorrow 


IS 


2:15 


p.m. 


today 


IS 


9:00 


a.m. 


today 


IS 


9:00 


p.m. 


today 


IS 


3:00 


p.m. 


today 


rs 


7:30 


p.m. 


today 


is 


3:00 


a.m. 


tomorrow 


is 


10:00 


p.m. 


today 


is 


5:00 


a.m. 


tomorrow 


is 


3:00 


a.m. 


tomorrow 


is 


8:00 


p.m. 


today 


IS 


9:00 


p.m. 


today 


IS 


9:00 


p.m. 


today 


IS 


8:00 


p.m. 


today 


IS 


10:00 


p.m. 


today 


IS 


4:15 


p.m. 


today 


IS 


10:00 


a.m. 


today 


is 


3:30 


p.m. 


today 



Courtesy of "North Pacific Ports" 



104 



TABLE OF DISTANCES BETWEEN PORTS 



INLAND WATERS 



PUGET SOUND, WASHINGTON AND BRITISH COLUMBIA POETS 

Nautical Miles 



Prom undermentioned ports to 


a 

(8 

S 

1 

9 

n 


If 
§ 

1-4 

» 
Pi 
a 



6 

n 

I 


a 

o 

9 

n 


H 


6 

n 

6 
1 


■ 

s 

bo 

% 
t 

o 


1 
n 
1 

o 
Pi 


• 

! 

i 


Anacortes | 


15 


96 
111 
110 


126 
130 
105 
194 


107 

122 

132 | 

39 
155 | 
208 | 


62 
77 

88 

35 

117 

170 


75 

60 

54 

127 

141 

53 

88 

7 

165 

127 

90 

65 

70 

120 

134 
"178 


43 J 67 1 45 


Belling-ham | 




58 | 82 | 59 


Blaine | 


36 


62 | 93 


75 
39 


Bremerton | 


84 


129 


73 | 10 


Cape Flattery | 


111 
130 

44 




190 


56 | 121 j 102 


Comox, B. C | 


190 
72 
141 
155 
117 
59 


136 
52 
208 
170 
132 


143 | 175 | 157 


Dung-eness | 


84 [ 
165 | 

56 | 
102 | 

95 | 
105 | 

52 | 

165 | 

148 | 

16 | 

98 1 

159 j 

35 | 

108 | 

59 | 

56 | 

50 | 

69 | 

70~| 

210 I 

34 [ 

B J 

20 | 

203 | 

165 | 

100 | 


46 
127 

56 

~~64 _ 

57 

67 

4 

127 

110 

76 

60 

121 

28 

71 

24 

22 

14 

31 

32 

172 

28 

52 

46 

165 

128 

62 


15 | 51 | 33 


Departure Bay | 


75 


91 | 132 | 115 


Dupont | 


122 
77 
50 


98 | 35 i 59 


Everett | 


60 | 28 | 24 


Esquimalt, B. C I 


19 | 69 | 50 


Friday Harbor | 


38 
52 

73 


80 

78 

113 

141 


110 
114 

165 
53 


42 | 62 | 44 


James Island I 


36 | 72 | 54 


Mukilteo 1 


53 | 23 ! 22 


Nanairoo, B. C | 


60 


94 | 132 | 114 


Neah Bay 1 


97 


7 
168 

56 
133 
121 

44 
102 


183 
221 
143 

74 
175 
146 
157 
153 
156 
141 
138 

20 

179 

206 

196 

5 

27 
129 
159 


50 | 115 | 97 


Olympia ] 


133 


111 | 49 


82 
47 


Fort Angeles | 


58 

64 
82 


94 

28 

132 

88 

114 

110 

113 

97 

95 

50 

134 

162 

153 

54 

35 

84 

116 


... | 65 


Point Atkinson | 


88 | 126 | 108 


Fort Blakeley | 


65 | ... | 30 


Fort Crescent | 


63 
59 


12 | 76 | 58 


Port Gamble | 


47 | 30 | . . . 


Port Ludlow | 


53 


98 


43 | 26 | 6 


Point No Point | 


59 
42 
39 


103 

89 

85 

180 

123 

160 

144 

185 

140 

59 

108 


46 | 19 | 11 


Port Townsend j 


~~30~| — 36~PT7~ 


Point Wilson | 


28 J~ 37~1 19 


Powell Riverj B. C | 


118 
81 


138 | 171 | 159 


Seattle | 


69 | 7 | 33 


Steilacoom | 


114 
100 
125 


98 | 30 | 61 


Tacoma | 


87 | 25 | 51 


Union Bay, B. C | 


~14O~l~170"~| _ r5'2 _ 


Vancouver, B. C I 


70 


94 | 

-18T 

49 | 


132 | 114 


Victoria, B. C | 


62 


67 | 50 


Possession Point | 


53 ! 


8 


19 | 16 



TABLE OF DISTANCES BETWEEN PORTS 



105 



INLAND WATERS 

PUGET SOUND, WASHINGTON, AND BRITISH COLUMBIA PORTS 

Nautical Miles 



From undermentioned ports to — 


Port Ludlow 
Port Townsend 


d 

n 

3 
1 

o 

h 


2 


a 

o 

i 

* 


6 

n 

n 

§ 
'3 


Vancouver, B. C. 


6 
n 
4 

o 

t 
> 


Anacortea 


45 1 30 


116 


69 ! 88 


121 


1 
68 i 

70 , 


31 




53 | 42 

69 j 58 

36 j 44 


118 

i 98 

184 


81 | 100 
94 114 


125 


43 




100 49 i 


— 53" 


Bremerton 


13 
123 


25 

144 


190 

185 


139 


74 


Cape Flattery 


98 | 89 


| 180 


140 | 


59 


Comox, B. C 


153 | 141 


20 


179 


196 


5 


27 | 


129 


Dunffeness 


28 j 17 
109 | 98 


| 130 
48 


53 
135 


72 
150 


131 


80 I 


19 


Departure Bay 


45 34 


82 


Dupont 


56 | 69 


! 210 


34 


20 


203 1 165 I 


100 


Everett 


22 | 31 


| 172 
| 129 


28 
71 


46 
89 


165 
128 


128 


62 


Esauimalt, B. C 


43 | 33 


86 | 


4 




37 | 28 

50 [ 37 

18 | 24 

110 i 97 


| 106 

! 112 

| 167 

50 

| 177 


65 

72 

_25_ 

134 

117 


83 

93 

43 

153 

136 


106 1 57 | 
115 j 67 , 
160 | 120 1 

54 | 35 
179 i 129 
216 178 


30 




23 


icukilteo 


55 


Nanaimo, B. C 


84 


Neah Bay 


93 i 80 

78 ! 81 


49 


Olympia 


! 223 

! 138 
66 


50 


24 


115 


Port Angfelee 


43 1 30 
104 | 92 


69 
128 


87 

148 


140 ; 94 1 

69 7 
170 | 132 ; 
148 | 106 i 
152 j 114 1 
148 { 111 | 


18 


Point Atkinson 


76 


Port Blaxeley 


26 | 36 

54 | 41 

6 | 17 


; 171 

| 143 

159 

155 


7 
78 
33 
31 


25 
97 

50 


67 
19 


Port Gamble 


50 


Port Ludlow 


... | 14 


46 


Port Townsend 


14 ! ... 


143 
| 140 


39 
40 


58 
60 

198 


136 | 97 j 
133 | 95 | 
24 i 73 j 
173 | 135 | 
201 | 130 
191 j 155 


31 


Point Wilson 


16 j_ 3 


30 


Powell River, B. C 


155 | 143 




180 


126 


Seattle 


31 | 39 


180 

| 208 


35 


24 
16 


68 


Steilacoom 


60 | 69 


98 


Tacoma 


50 | 58 


| 198 
24 
73 


24 
173 
135 




68 


Union Bay, B. C 


148 I 136 

111 97 


191 


... | 77 | 


125 


Vancouver, B. C 


155 


77 ! ... | 


84 


Victoria, B. C 


46 | 31 
13 ! 20 


| 126 
| 160 


68 

19 


68 

39 


125 j 84 1 




Possession Point 


154 


116 


52 



Nautical 
Miles 

Ocean Falls, Vancouver Island, B. C, to Port Townsend 372 

Ocean Falls, Vancouver Island, B. C, to Seattle, Wash 410 

Port Alberni, Vancouver Island, B. C, to Victoria, B. C .' 130 



106 TABLE OP DISTANCES BETWEEN PORTS 



TABLE OF DISTANCES 
ACAPULCO 

Acapnlco, Mexico, to — Nautical 

Route— Miles 

Antofag-asta, Chile 2.984 

Arica, Chile 2,768 

Caldera, Chile 3,130 

Callao, Peru 2,198 

Coquimbo, Chile '. 3J259 

^orinto, Nicaragua '792 

Esmeraldas, Ecuador 1,527 

Guayaquil, Ecuador 1,708 

Honolulu, Hawaii 3,289 

Iquique, Chile '.'. 2,834 

Lota, Chile 3^573 

Magdalena Bay, Mexico 853 

Mollendo, Peru 2,643 

Pacasmayo, Peru 1J895 

Paita, Peru 1,725 

Panama, C. Z 1,426 

Pichilinque Harbor (U. S. coal depot) 778 

Mexico. 

Pisco, Peru 2,309 

Punta Arenas, Chile 4,582 

Punta Arenas, Costa Rica l'oil 

Salina Cruz, Mexico 314 

San Jose, Guatemala 574 

Tahiti (Papeete), Society Is 3,595 

Talcahuano, Chile 3,558 

Valdivia (Port Corral), Chile 3,712 

Valparaiso. Chile 3.406 



ASTORIA 

Nautical 
Astoria to — Miles 

Columbia River Bar 10 

Dutch Harbor, Alaska 1688 

Grays Harbor Bar 53 

Port Townsend, Wash 214 

San Francisco 555 

Seattle, Wash 252 

Tacoma, Wash 279 

Tatoosh, "Wash 126 

Willapa Bar 38 

INLAND WATERS 
ASTORIA 

DISTANCES FROM ASTORIA, ORE., TO COLUMBIA RIVER AND WILLAMETTE 
RIVER LOADING POINTS 

The distances are from Astoria at a point known as the Mack Dock, where all 
hearing's are taken. The Portland distance terminates at the Steel Bridge. 

Statute 
Miles 

Knappton, Wash 12 

Wauna, Ore 28 

Westport, Ore 30 

Oak Point, Wash 40 

Stella, Wash 42% 

Rainier, Ore 54% 

Prescott, Ore. . 57 

Goble, Ore 60 

Kalama, Wash 60 

Saint Helens, Ore 73 

Linnton, Ore 92% 

Vancouver, Wash 94 

Saint Johns, Ore 95 

Portland, Ore 100 

/ To facilitate the loading* and unloading of vessels the Port of Astoria has a 
50-ton movable crane and bunkers that hold 20,000 tons of coal. 



TABLE OF DISTANCES BETWEEN PORTS 107 



BORDEAUX 

Nautical 

Bordeaux, Trance, to — Route — Miles 

Acapulco, Mexico Via Panama Canal 6,067 

Do Via Magellan Strait 11,651 

Aden, Arabia Via Suez Canal 4,351 

Callao, Peru Via Panama Canal 5,987 

Do Via Magellan Strait 9,740 

Colon, C. Z Via Mona Passage 4,598 

Coronel, Chile Via Panama Canal 7,463 

Do Via Magellan Strait 8,262 

Guayaquil (Puna), Ecuador Via Panama Canal 5,434 

Do Via Magellan Strait 10,342 

Habana, Cuba Via NB. Providence Channel 4,188 

Honolulu, Hawaii Via Panama Canal 9,326 

Do Via Magellan Strait 13,439 

Iquique, Chile Via Panama Canal . . 6,628 

Do Via Magellan Strait 9,270 

Panama, C. Z Via Mona Passage 4,641 

Pernambuco, Brazil 3,823 

Portland, Oreg., U. S. A Via Panama Canal and San Francisco 8,536 

Do Via Magellan Strait and San Francisco 13,912 

Port Townsend, Wash., U. S. A Via Panama Canal and San Francisco 8,656 

Do Via Magellan Strait and San Francisco 14,032 

Punta Arenas, Chile East of South America 7.074 

Do Via Panama Canal 8,584 

San Diego, Cal., U. S. A do 7,484 

Do Via Magellan Strait 12,870 

San Francisco, Cal., U. S. A Via Panama Canal 7,886 

Do Via Magellan Strait 13,262 

San Jose, Guatemala Via Panama Canal 5,527 

Do Via Magellan Strait 11,365 

Sitka, Alaska Via Panama Canal and San Francisco 9,188 

Do Via Magellan Strait and San Francisco 14,564 

Valparaiso, Chile Via Panama Canal 7,257 

Do Via Magellan Strait 8,507 

Vancouver, B. C Via Panama Canal 8,673 

Do Via Magellan Strait 14,047 



BREST 

Nautical 

Brest, Prance, to — Route — Miles 

Colon, C. Z Via Mona Passage 4,420 

Gravesend, England 392 

Guantanamo Bay (Caimanera), Cuba.. 3,791 

New York (The Battery), N. Y., Winter; westbound 2,994 

U. S. A. 

Do Summer; westbound 3,072 

Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 4,841 

San Francisco, Cal., U. S. A Via Rio de Janeiro and Magellan Strait 13,271 

Do Via Mona Passage and Panama 7.708 



BUENOS AIRES 

Nautical 

Buenos Aires, Argentina, to — Route — Miles 

Asuncion, Paraguay • 827 

Colon, C. Z North of South America 5,450 

Los Angeles Hbr. (San Pedro), Cal., Via Panama Canal 8,406 

U. S. A. 

Punta Arenas. Chile 1,383 

Rosario, Argentina 210 

Southampton, England 5,762 



108 TABLE OF DISTANCES BETWEEN PORTS 



CALLAO 

Nautical 

Callao, Peru, to — Route — Miles 

Antofagasta, Chile 813 

Arica, Chile 593 

Caldera, Chile 980 

Chimbote, Peru 206 

Coquimbo, Chile .' .' 1,136 

Houolulu, Hawaii 5461 

Iquique, Chile '659 

Los Angeler Harbor (San Pedro), Cal 3 655 

U. S. A. 

Lota, Chile 1,530 

Magdalena Bay, Mexico 3,008 

Mollendo, Peru 468 

Panama, C. Z 1,346 

Pisco, Peru 128 

Punta Arenas, Chile 2,671 

Talcahuano, Chile 1508 

Valdivia (P. Corral), Chile .' .' i'69i 

Valparaiso, Chile L306 



COLON 

Nautical 

Colon, Canal Zone, to — Boute — Miles 

Apalachicola, Fla., U. S. A. 1,287 

Balboa, C. Z 38 

Baltimore, Mr., U. S. A Via Windward and Crooked I. Passages 1,901 

Barbados (Bridgetown) , W. 1 1,237 

Bishops Rock, England Via Anegada Passage 4,395 

Bishops Rock, England Via Mona Passage 4.356 

Blueflelds, Nicaragua 276 

Bocas del Toro, Panama 144 

Bordeaux, France Via Mona Passage 4,598 

Boston, Mass., U. S. A Via Windward and Crooked I. Passages; 2,157 

_, outside Nantucket Lightvessel. 

Brunswick, Ga., U. S. A Via Windward and Crooked I. Passages 1,550 

Buenos Aires, Argentina North of South America 5,450 

Campeche, Mexico 1,167 

Cape Haitien, Haiti 817 

Carmen, Mexico 1,246 

Cartagena, Colombia 281 

Ceiba, Honduras 666 

Charleston, S. C. U. S. A Via Windward and Crooked I. Passages 1,564 

Charleston, S. C. U. S. A Via Yucatan Channel; northbound 1,636 

Culebra I. (The Sound), W. I Outside Crab I. and via Sauth Channel 1,918 

Curacao (Santa Ana Harbor), W. 1 699 

Fort de France, Martinique, W. 1 1,159 

Galveston, Tex., U. S. A 1,493 

Gigraltar Via St. Thomas 4,343 

Do Via Anegeda Passage 4,332 

Gibraltar, Strait of (lat. 35° 57' N do 4,308 

long. 5° 45' W.). 

Glasgow, Scotland Via Mona Passage 4,523 

Gracias a Dios, Nicaragua 399 

Grijalva (Tabasco) River, Mexico 1,280 

Guantanamo Bay (Caimanei a) , 696 

Cuba. 

Gulfport, Miss., U. S. A Northbound 1,388 

Habana, Cuba Via Yucatan Channel 1,003 

Halifax, Nova Scotia Via Windward and Crooked I. Passages 2,317 

Hamburg, Germany Via Mona Passage 5,070 

Hampton Roads, Va., U. S. A Via Windward and Crooked I, Passages 1,768 

Havre .France Via Mona Passage 4,614 

Horn I. Arch., Gulf of Mexico Northbound 1,373 

Hull. England Via Mona Passage 4,884 

Iriona, Honduras 566 

Jacksonville, Fla., U. S. A Via Yucatan Channel; northbound 1,535 

Key West, Fla., U. S. A 1,065 

Kingston, Jamaica, W. 1 551 

La Guaira, Venezuela 841 

Liverpool, England Via Mona Passage 4,548 



TABLE OF DISTANCES BETWEEN PORTS 109 



COLON— Continued 

Nautical 

Colon, C. Z., to — Route — Mile* 

Livingston, Guatemala 7 ? 2 

Los Angeles, Hbr. (San Pedro), Cal 2,956 

U. S. A. 

Margarita I. (La Mar Bay), Vene- 1,012 

zuela. 

Matagorda Bay (E'ntr.), Tex., U. S. A 1,515 

Mississippi River (South Pass; (lat. Northbound 1,308 

28° 59' N., long. 89° 07' W.). 

Mississippi River (S. W. Pass; (lat. do 1,309 

28° 53' N., long. 89° 27' W.). 

Mobile, Ala., U. S. A do 1,393 

Mona Passage (lat. 18° 03' N., long 380 

67° 47' W.), W. I. 

Monkey Pt. Hbr., Nicaragua 2 »9 

New Orleans, La., U. S. A Northbound; via South Pass 1,403 

Do Northbound; via S. W. Pass 1,410 

New York (The Batterv), N. Y, U Via Windward and Crooked I. Passages 1,974 

S. A. 

Newport, R. I., U. S. A do 2,028 

Newport News, Va., V. S. A do 1,776 

Norfolk, Va., U. S. A do 1.779 

Do Via Yucatan Channel; northbound 2,006 

Panama Roads, C. Z Via Panama Canal 43 

Pensacola, Fla., U. S. A Northbound 1,369 

Philadelphia, Pa., U. S. A Via Windward and Crooked I. Passages 1,946 

Plymouth, England \ ia St. Thomas 4,500 

Do ". Via Mona Passage 4,455 

Do Via Anegada Passage 4,494 

Port Arthur, Tex 1,485 

Port Castries, St Lucia, W. 1 1,160 

Port Limon, Costa Rica 192 

Port Morelos, Yucatan 828 

Port of Spain, Trinidad, W. 1 1,159 

Port Royal, Jamaica, W. 1 54G 

Port Tampa, Fla., U. S. A 1,212 

Portsmouth, N. H., U. S. A Via Windward and Crooked I. Passages 2,174 

outside Nantucket Lightvessel. 

Provincetown, Mass., L T . S. A Via Windward and Crooked I. Passages 2,126 

Puerto Barrios, Guatemala 780 

Puerto Cabello, Venezuela 802 

Puerto Cortes, Honduras , 733 

Puerto Mexico, Mexico 1,377 

Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 4,348 

Rio Grande (Entr.) 1,484 

Roatan Island (Coxen Hole 641 

Sabine, Tex., U. S. A 1,476 

St. Thomas, W. 1 1,029 

San Juan P R 993 

Sandy Hook, N. j., U. S. A. . . '. Via Windward and' Crooked i. Passages 1,964 

Savannah, Ga. ( U. S. A ."Via Yucatan Channel! northbound 1,607 

Southport, N. C, U. S. A Via Windward and Crooked I. Passages 1,592 

Tampico, Mexico 1,485 

Tela, Honduras 706 

Trinidad (Dragons Mouths; lat 10° 1,142 

43' N, long. 61° 45' W.), W. I. 

Trujillo, Honduras 622 

Tuxpam, Mexico 1,455 

Vera Cruz, Mexico 1,420 

Virgin Passage (lat. 18° 20' N.. long 1,021 

65° 07' W.), W. I. 

Wilmington, N. C, U. S. A Via Yucatan Channel; northbound 1,730 

Windward Passage (lat. 20 ° 10' N 734 

long. 74° 90' W.), W. I. 

Yucatan Channel (lat. 21° 50' N 812 

long. 85° 03' W.). 



110 TABLE OF DISTANCES BETWEEN PORTS 



EUREKA 

Eureka, Humboldt Bay, California, Nautical 

U. S. A. to — Route — Miles 

Astoria, Oregon 343 

Bellingham, Wash 594 

Cape Flattery, Wash 464 

Coos Bay, Oregon 159 

Grays Harbor, Wash., "Whistle 

Buoy." 371 

Honolulu, Hawaii 2,139 

Los Angeles Harbor (San Pedro), 584 

Cal. 

Manilla, P. I Via Honolulu 6,906 

Panama Roads, Canal Zone 3,461 

Port Townsend, Wash 548 

San Francisco, Cal 216 

San Diego, Cal 668 

Seattle, Wash 588 

Tacoma, Wash 610 

Union Bay, B. C '. 659 

Vancouver, B. C 617 

Victoria, B. C 534 

Willapa Harbor, Wash., "Whistle 355 

Buoy." 

GIBRALTAR 

Nautical 

Gibraltar to — Route — Miles 

Acapulco, Mexico Via Anegada Passage and Panama Canal 5,801 

Do Via Magellan Strait 10,960 

Aden, Arabia 3,321 

Alexandria, Egypt 1,810 

Algiers, Algeria 425 

Barcelona, Spain 516 

Calloa, Peru Via Anegada Passage and Panama Canal 5,721 

Do Via Magellan Strait 9,049 

Colon, C. Z Via Anegada Passage 4,332 

Do Via St Thomas, W. 1 4,343 

Constantinople, Turkey Via Messina Strait and Corinth Canal 1,823 

Do Via South of Sicily and Cervi and Duro 1,824 

Channels. 

Coronel, Chile Via Anegada Passage and Panama Canal 7,197 

Do Via Magellan Strait 7,571 

Fayal (Horta), Azores 1,133 

Genoa, Italy 860 

Guayaquil (Puna), Ecuador Via Anegada Passage and Panama Canal 5,168 

Do Via Magellan Strait 9,651 

Hongkong Via Anegada Passage and Panama Canal 13,570 

Do Via Suez Canal 8.409 

Honolulu, Hawaii Via Anegada Passage and Panama Canal 9.060 

Do Via Magellan Strait 12,74 8 

Iquique, Chile Via Anegada Passage and Panama Canal 6,362 

Do Via Magellan Strait 8.579 

Lisbon, Portugal 304 

Liverpool, England 1,29 i 

Livorno, (Leghorn), Italy 875 

London, England 1,351 

Malta (Valetta Hbr.) 990 

Manila. P. I Via Anegada Passage, Panama Canal, 13,745 

and San Bernardino Strait. 

Do Via Anegada Passage, Panama Canal 13,722 

and Balintang Channel. 

Do Via Suez, Aden, Colombo, Singapore. . . 8,372 

S. of Sokotra I. 

Marseille, France 693 

Naples, Italy 982 

New York (The Battery), N. Y., U. Winter; westbound 3,201 

S. A. 

Do Summer; westbound 3,207 

Odessa, Russia Via Messina Strait and Corinth Canal 2,170 

Do Via South of Sicily and Cervi and Duro 2,171 

Channels. 



TABLE OF DISTANCES BETWEEN PORTS 111 



GIBRALTAR— Continued 

Nautical 

Gibraltar to — Route— Miles 

Panama, C. Z Via Anegeda Passage 4,375 

Plymouth, England 1.060 

Port Said, Egypt 1.925 

Port Townsend, Wash., U. S. A Via Anegada Passage, Panama Canal. 8,390 

and San Francisco. 

Do Via Magellan Strait and San Francisco 13,341 

Portland, Ore, U. S. A Via Anegada Passage, Panama Canal 8,270 

and San Francisco. 

Do . Via Magellan Strait and San Francisco 13,221 

Punta Arenas, Chile 6,383 

San Diego, Cal Via Anegada Passage and Panama Canal 7,21 8 

Do Via Magellan Strait 12,179 

San Francisco, Cal Via Anegada Passage and Panama Canal 7,620 

Do Via Magellan Strait 12,571 

San Jose, Guatemala Via Anegada Passage and Panama Canal 5,261 

Do Via Magellan Strait 10,674 

Sfax, Tunis 1,060 

Sitka, Alaska Via Anegada Passage, Panama Canal, 8,922 

and San Francisco. 

Do Via Magellan Strait and San Francisco 13,873 

Smyrna, Turkey Via Messina Strait and Corinth Canal 1,672 

Do Via South of Sicily and Cervi and Duro 1,676 

Channels. 

Sydney, Australia Via Panama and Tahiti 12,163 

Do Via Suez Canal 10,237 

Toulon, France 705 

Trieste, Austria-Hungray 1,693 

Tripoli, Tripoli 1,118 

Valparaiso, Chile Via Anageda Passage and Panama Canal 6,9s>l 

Do Via Magellan Strait 7,816 

Vancouver, B. C Via Anegada Passage and Panama Canal 8,407 

Do Via Magellan Strait 13,356 

Wellington, New Zealand Via Anegada Passage, Panama Canal, 11,209 

and Tahiti. 

Do Via Suez Canal 11,156 

Yokohama, Japan Via Anegada Passage and Panama Canal 12,957 

Do Via Anegada Passage, Panama Canal, 12,156 

and San Francisco. 

Do Via Suez, Hongkong, Shanghai, and Van 10,302 

Diemen Strait. 

Do Via Suez, Aden, Colombo, and Singapore 9,907 

Do Via Suez Canal 9,859 



GRAYS HARBOR 

Grays Harbor, Wash., "Whistle Nautical 

Buoy," to — Route — Miles 

Astoria, Oregon 53 

Eureka, Humboldt Bay 371 

Honolulu, Hawaii 2,281 

Los Angeles Harbor, (San Pedro) 972 

Cal. 

Manila Via Honolulu 7.084 

Port Townsend, Wash 179 

San Francisco, Cal 604 

Seattle, Wash • 218 

Tacoma. Wash 243 

Vancouver, B. C 232 

Victoria, B. C 155 

Willapa Harbor, Wash.. "Whistle 15% 

Buoy" 



112 TABLE OF DISTANCES BETWEEN PORTS 



HONOLULU 

Nautical 

Honolulu, Hawaii, to— Route — Mile* 

Astoria, Ore., U. S. A 2,246 

Auckland, New Zealand 3,820 

Brisbane Roads, Australia 4,169 

Callao, Peru . 5,161 

Cape Horn, South America 6,472 

Chimbote, Peru 5,015 

Christmas I., N. Pacific Ocean 1,161 

Dutch Harbor, Unalaska I., Alaska 2,046 

Fanning Island 1,056 

Gaum (Port Apra) , Marianas 3,337 

Do Via Tarawa I., Gilbert Is 3,944 

Gulf of Fonseca (Monypenny Pt.) Ni- 4,038 

caragua. 

Hobart, Tasmania 4,930 

Hongkong Rhumb 4,939 

Jaluit, Marshal 1 2,096 

Johnston I., Hawaii 717 

Juan Fernandez I. (San Juan Bautis- 5,595 

ta Bay). 

Kusaie I., Caroline 1 2,467 

Laysan Island, H. I 820 

Levuka, Fiji I 2,730 

Los Angeles Harbor (San Pedro), Cal., 2,228 

U. S. A. 

Magdalena Bay, Mexico 2,543 

Manila, P. I Via north end of Luzon, P. 1 4,869 

Do Via Guam and north end of Luzon, P. I. 5,079 

Do Via Guam and San Bernardino Strait 4,838 

Do Via San Bernardino Strait 4,767 

Marquesas Is., Nukuhiva (Taiohae) 2,102 

Marshal Is. (Eniwetok Atoll 2,375 

Melbourne, Australia Via South Channel 4,942 

Midway Is. (Welles Hbr.) 1,149 

New Hebrides (St. Philip and St 3,014 

James Bay). 

New York (The Battery). N. Y., U.Via Magellan Strait 13,312 

S. A. 

Do Via Panama Canal, and Windward and 6,702 

Crooked I. Passages. 

Nonuti, Gilbert Is 2.100 

Noumea, New Caledonia 3.373 

Nukunono, Union Is. 2, .109 

Pago Pago, Samoa Is 2,276 

Panama, C. Z 4,685 

Pelew Is. (Korror Hbr.) 3,997 

Petropavlovsk, Kamchatka 2,762 

Point Conception, Cal., U. S. A 2,126 

Ponape, Caroline Is 2,685 

Port Lloyd, Ogasawara Is 3,283 

Port Townsend, Wash.. U. S. A 2,3.66 

Portland, Ore., U. S. A 2,332 

Punta Arenas, Chile 6,370 

Raoul Is., Kermadec Is 3,246 

Rarotonga, Cook Is 2,553 

Salina Cruz, Mexico 3,580 

San Bernardino Strait (Entr.), P. 1 4,457 

San Diego, Cal., U. S. A 2,278 

San Francisco, Cal., U. S. A 2,091 

Sandakan, Borneo 5,044 

Seattle. Wash., U. S. A 2,409 

Sitka, Alaska 2,386 

Sydney, Australia 4,-120 

Tahiti (Papeete), Society Is 2,381 

Tarawa Island, Gilbert Is 2,100 

Tongatabu (Nukualofa), Tonga Is 2,749 

Ugi Is. (Selwyn Bay), Solomon Is 3,047 

Valparaiso, Chile 5,919 

Vancouver, B. C 2,423 

Victoria, British Columbia 2,349 

Vladivostok, Siberia 3,725 

Wake Island 2,004 

Wellington, New Zealand 4,113 

Yap (Tomill Hbr.), Caroline I'S 3,757 

Yokohama, Japan Rhumb 3,445 

Do Great Circle 3,394 



TABLE OF DISTANCES BETWEEN PORTS 



113 



IQUIQUE 

Nautical 

Iquique, Chile, to — Route — Miles 

Antofagasta, Chile 224 

Caldera, Chile 420 

Coquimbo, Chile 602 

Lota. Chile 1,033 

Punta Arenas, Chile 2.201 

Talcahuano, Chile 1,00S 

Valdivia (P. Corral), Chile 1,205 

Valparaiso, Chile 782 

Yokohama, Japan 9,026 



LIVERPOOL 



Liverpool, England, to- 



Route — 



Nautical 
Miles 



\capulco Mex Via Panama Canal 6,017 

Do .' via Magellan Strait 11,891 

Adelaide, Australia Via Panama, Tahiti, Sydney, and Mel- 13,478 

bourne. 

Do Via Suez Canal, Aden. Colombo, and 11,108 

King George Sound. 

Baltimore, Md., U. S. A. . Winter; westbound 3,373 

Do Summer; westbound 3,454 

Boston, Mass., U. S. A Winter; westbound 2,895 

Do Summer; westbound 3,010 

Callao, ' Peru Via Panama Canal 5,937 

Do Via Magellan Strait 9,980 

Colon, C. Z Via Mona Passage -. . . 4,548 

Coronel, Chile Via Panama Canal 7,413 

Do Via Magellan Strait 8,502 

Galveston, Tex., U. S. A Winter; westbound; via NE. Provi- 4,749 

dence Channel and south of Dry 
Tortugas. 

Do Summer; westbound; via NE. Provi- 4,766 

dence Channel and south of Dry 
Tortugas. 

Gibraltar 1.294 

Guayaquil (Puna), Ecuador Via Panama Canal 5,384 

Do Via Magellan Strait 10,582 

Hongkong Via Panama and direct 13,764 

Do Via Panama, San Francisco, and Yoko- 13,957 

hama. 

Do Via Suez Canal, Aden, Colombo, and 9,743 

Singapore. 

Do Via Magellan Strait, Pago Pago, and 17,432 

Guam. 

Honolulu. Hawaii Via Panama Canal 9,276 

Do Via Magellan Strait 13,679 

Iquique, Chile Via Panama Canal 6,578 

Do Via Magellan Strait 9,51o 

Das Palmas, Canary Is 1,661 

Manila. P. I Via Magellan Strait, Pago Pago, and 17,111 

Guam. 

Do Via Panama Canal and San Bernardino 13,961 

Strait. 

Do Via Panama, San Francisco, and Yoko- 14,129 

hama. 

Do Via Suez Canal, Aden, Colombo, and 9,659 

Singapore. 

Do Via Suez Canal, Colombo, and Singa- 9,64 9 

pore. 



114 TABLE OF DISTANCES BETWEEN PORTS 



LIVERPOOL— Continued 

Nautical 

Liverpool, England, to — Route — Miles 

Melbourne, Australia Via Cape of Good Hope 12,137 

Do Via Cape Town 12,157 

Do Via Panama Canal 12,519 

Do Via Suez Canal 11,084 

Do ' Via Panama, Tahiti, and Sydney..... 12,966 

Do Via Suez Canal, Aden, Colombo, King 1 11,620 

George Sound, and Adelaide. 

Mobile, Ala., U. S. A Winter; westbound; via NE. Provi- 4,520 

dence Channel and south of Dry 
Tortugas. 

Do Summer; westbound; via NE. Provi- 4,537 

dence Channel and south of Dry 
Tortugas. 

New Orleans, La., U. S. A Winter westbound; via NE. Provi- 4,589 

dence Channel, south of Dry Tortu- 
gas, and SW. Pass. 

Do Summer; westbound; via NE. Provi- 4,606 

dence Channel, south of Dry Tortu- 
gas, and S.W. Pass. 

New York (The Battery), N. Y.. Winter; westbound 3,073 

U. S. A. 

Do Summer; westbound 3,171 

Newport News, Va., U. S. A Winter; westbound 3,249 

Do Summer; westbound 3,330 

Panama, C. Z Via Mona Passage 4,591 

Pensacola, Fla., U. S. A Winter; westbound; via NE. Provi- 4,480 

dence Channel and south of Dry 
Tortugas- 

Do Summer; westbound; via NE. Provi- 4,497 

dence Channel and south of Dry 
Tortugas. 

Pernambuco, Brazil Direct 4,062 

Do Via Scilly Is. (St. Marys Anch.) 4,078 

Philadelphia, Pa., U. S. A Winter; westbound 3,226 

Do Summer; westbound 3,324 

Port Nelson, Saskatchewan, Canada 3,009 

Port Townsend, Wash., U. S. A Via Panama and San Francisco 8,606 

Do Via Magellan Strait and San Francisco 14,272 

Portland, Ore., U. S. A Via Panama and San Francisco...... 8,486 

Do Via Magellan Strait and San Francisco 14,152 

Punta Arenas, Chile Direct 7,314 

Do Via Scilly Is. (St. Marys Anch.) 7,329 

St. Thomas, W. 1 3,574 

San Diego, Cal., U. S. A Via Panama Canal 7,434 

Do Via Magellan Strait 13,110 

San Francisco, Cal., U. S. A Via Panama Canal 7,836 

Do Via Magellan Strait 13,502 

San Jose, Guatemala Via Panama Canal 5,477 

Do Via Magellan Strait 11,605 

Sitka, Alaska Via Panama and San Francisco 9,138 

Do Via Magellan Strait and San Francisco 14,804 

Sydney, Australia Via Panama and Tahiti 12,385 

Do Via Suez Canal. Aden, Colombo, King 12,201 

George Sound, Adelaide, and Mel- 
bourne. 

Valparaiso, Chile A r ia Panama Canal 7,237 

Do Via Magellan Strait 8,747 

Vancouver, British Columbia Via Panama Canal 8,623 

Do Via Magellan Strait 14,287 

Vladivostok, Siberia Via. Suez Canal, Colombo, and Singa- 11,282 

pore. 

Wellington, New Zealand Via Cape Town 13,353 

Do Via Panama Canal and direct 11,096 

Do Via Panama and Tahiti 11,425 

Do Via Suez Canal, Aden, Colombo, King 12,955 

George Sound, and Melbourne. 

Do Via Suez Canal and direct 12,462 

Yokahama, Japan Via Magellan Strait and Pago Pago.. 16,584 

Do Via Panama Canal and direct 12,273 

Do Via Panama and San Francisco 12,372 

Do Via Suez Canal, Aden, Colombo, Singa- 11,636 

pore, Hongkong, and Shanghai. 



TABLE OF DISTANCES BETWEEN PORTS 



115 



LONDON 



London, England, to — 



Routt 



Nautical 
Miles 



Baltimore, Md., U. S. A Winter; westbound 

Do Summer; westbound 

Bishops Rock (lat. 49° 50' N., long. 

6° 27' W.). 
Boston, Mass.. U. S. A Winter; westbound 

Do Summer; westbound 

Cape Town. Africa 

Christiania, Norway 

Copenhagen, Denmark 

Gibraltar 

Havre, France 

Hongkong Via Suez Canal 

Lisbon, Portugal 

Melbourne, Australia Via Panama 

New York (The Battery), N. Y., U. Winter; westbound 

S. A. 

Do Summer; westbound 

Newport News, Va., U. S. A Winter; westbound : 

Do Summer; westbound 

Pernambuco, Brazil 

Petrograd, Russia 

Philadelphia, Pa., U. S. A Winter; westbound 

Do Summer; westbound 

Plymouth, England 

Port Arthur, Tex., U. S. A Winter; westbound; via N. E. Provi- 
dence Channel and South of Dry 
Tortugas: 

Do Summer; westbound; via N. E. Provi- 
dence Channel and South of Dry 
Tortugas. 

Southampton. England 

Stockholm, Sweden 

Sydney, Australia Via Cape of Good Hope 

Do Via Suez Canal 

Tornea, Russia 



3,610 

3,681 

407 

3,132 
3,237 
6,139 
658 
704 
1,351 

. 203 
9,749 
1,062 

12,734 
3,310 

3,398 
3,486 
3,557 
4,136 
1,519 
3,463 
3,551 
321 
4,963 



4,970 



215 

1,251 

12,663 

11,603 

1,659 



LOS ANGELES HARBOR (San Pedro) 



Los Ang-eles Hbr. (San Pedro), Cal., Route — 
TJ. S. A., to— 

Buenos Aires, Argentina Via Panama Canal 

Callao, Peru 

Colon, C. Z Via Panama Canal 

Honolulu, Hawaii 

Manila, P. I Via Honolulu and San 

Strait. 

Do Via San Bernardino Strait 

Panama, C. Z 

Portland, Ore., U. S. A 

Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Via Panama Canal 

Salina Cruz, Mexico 

San Diego, U. S. A 

.^an Francisco, Cal., U. S. A 

Santa Cruz. Cal., U. S. A 

Valparaiso, Chile 

Victoria, B. C , 

Yokohama, Japan 



Bernardino. 



Miles 
Nautical 

8,436 
3,655 
2,956 
. . 2.228 
6,995 



6,588 

2,913 

989 

7,305 

1,803 

97 

368 

295 

4,808 

1.091 

4,839 



116 TABLE OF DISTANCES BETWEEN PORTS 



MANILA 

Nautical 

Manila, P. I., to — Route — Miles 

Batavia, Java Via Palawan Passage 1,559 

Borongan, Samar, P. 1 435 

Bremen, Germany Via Suez Canal and Singapore 9,955 

Brisbane Roads, Australia Via Mindoro and Tories Straits and in- 3,552 

side route. 

Cairns. Australia ' . do 2,723 

Cebu, P. I Via Verde I. and Jintotolo Passages 391 

Colombo, Ceylon , 2,952 

Friederich Wilhelmshafen, Papua . . .Via San Bernardino Strait 2,011 

Guam (Port Apa). Marianas Via north end of Luzon, P. 1 1.742 

Do Via San Bernardino Strait 1,501 

Honolulu, Hawaii Via north end of Luzon, P. 1 4,869 

Do .Via San Bernardino Strait 4,767 

Do Via north end of Luzon, P. I. and Guam 5,079 

Iloilo, P. I Via Verde I. and Jintotolo Passages . . . 361 

Jolo, Jolo I., P. I Via West Apo Channel 550 

Limay, Luzon, P. I 22 

Liverpool, England Via Singapore, Colombo, and Suez Canal 9,649 

Do Via Guam, Pago Pago, and Magellan 17,111 

Strait. 

London, England Via Suez Canal 9,656 

Mangarin, Mindoro, P. 1 170 

Melbourne, Australia Via Mindoro and Torres Straits and in- 4,528 

side route. 

Mojl, Japan 1,436 

Newcastle, Australia Via Mondoro and Torres Straits and in- 3,917 

side route. 

Olongapa, Luzon, P. I 64 

Pago Pago, Samoa Is Via San Bernardino Strait 4,505 

Panama, C. Z Via Balintang Channel and Cape San 9,347 

Lucas. 

Do .Via San Bernardino Strait 9,370 

Pelew Is. (Korror Hbr.) Via Verde I. Passage and between Ma- 1,044 

ran j os Gr. and Copul I. 

Port Darwin, Australia Via Mindoro, Basilan, Banka, and Mani- 1,834 

pa Straits. 

Port Townsend, Wash., U. S. A Composite Great Circle 5,931 

Rabaul, Neu Pommern Via San Bernardino Strait 2,281 

Saigon, Cochin-China 907 

San Francisco, Cal., U. S. A Via Balintang Channel 6.221 

Do Via San Bernardino Strait 6,301 

Seattle, Wash., U. S. A Via Yokohama 6,012 

Do Via San Bernardino Strait, Guam, and 7,247 

Honolulu. 

Singapore, Straits Settlements 1,379 

Southampton, England Via Singapore and Suez Canal 9,488 

Sydney, Australia Via Mindoro and Torres Straits and in- 3,967 

side route. 

Torres Strait (Thursday Island) . . . .Via Mindoro Strait 2,227 

Townsville, Australia Via Mindoro and Torres Straits and in- 2,'881 

side route. 

Wake Island Via San Bernardino Strait 2,772 

Wyndham, Australia Via Mindoro, Basilan, Banka, and Mani- 1.982 

pa Straits. 

Yap I. (Tomill Hbr.), Caroline Is. . . .Via San Bernardino Strait 1,154 

Yokohama, Japan Via Balintang Channel 1757 

Do Via Hongkong, Shanghai. Nagasaki, In- 2,'683 

1 land Sea, and Kobe. 

Zamboanga, Mindanao, P. I Via East Apo Channel 532 



NEWPORT NEWS, VA., U. S. A. 

As the distance between Newport News, Va,, and Norfolk, Va., is only 
three miles, use the Norfolk table as it is close enough for all practical purposes. 



TABLE OF DISTANCES BETWEEN PORTS 117 



NORFOLK 

Nautical 

Norfolk, Va., U. S. A., to— Boute — Miles 

Acapulco, Mexico Via Panama Canal 3,248 

Do Via Magellan Strait 11,476 

Adelaide, Australia Via Panama, Tahiti, Sydney, and Mel- 10,709 

bourne. 

Do Via St. Vincent and Cape Town 12, 70S 

Baltimore, Md., U. S. A 172 

Barcelona, Spain Great Circle C. Charles Light-vessel to 3,881 

C. St. Vincent. 

Belize, British Honduras Via Straits of Florida; south-bound; 1,503 

outside. 

Bocas del Toro, Panama Via Crooked I. and Windward Passages 1,85 3 

Boston, Mass.. U. S. A Via Vineyard Sound and Pollock Rip 518 

Slue. 

Bremen, Germany Winter, eastbound 3.7S3 

Do ". Summer, eastbound 3.877 

Buenos Aires, Argentina 5,824 

Callao, Peru Via Panama Canal 3,168 

Do Via Magellan Strait 0,565 

Cartagena. Colombia Via Crooked I. and Windward Passages 1,658 

Colombo, Ceylon Great Circle C. Charles Light-vessel to 8,769 

C. St. Vincent. 

Colon, C. Z Via Crooked I. and Windward Passages 1,779 

Coronel, Chile Via Magellan Strait 8.087 

Do Via Panama Canal 4,644 

Genoa, Italy Great Circle, C. Charles Light-vessel to 4,222 

C. St. Vincent. 

Georgetown, British Guiana 2,090 

Georgetown, S. C, U. S. A 388 

Gibraltar Great Circle, C. Charles Light-vessel to 3,369 

C. St: Vincent. 

Guam (Port Apra), Marianas Via Magellan Strait 14,921 

Do Via Panama Canal 9,810 

Do Via Suez Canal and Sunda Strait 13,234 

Guayaquil (Puna), Ecuador Via Panama Canal 2,615 

Do Via Magellan Strait 10,167 

Habana, Cuba Southbound; outside 985 

Hampton Roads (off light), Va 11 

U. S. A. 

Hongkong Via Panama. San Francisco, Yokohama, 11.496 

and Shanghai. 

Do Via Panama, Honolulu, Yokohama, 11,794 

and Shanghai. 

Do Via Panama, Honolulu, Guam, and Ma- 11,976 

nila. 

Do Via Suez Canal, Colombo, and Singapore 11,808 

Honolulu, Hawaii Via Panama Canal 6,507 

Do Via Magellan Strait 13,264 

Tquique, Chile Via Panama Canal 3,809 

Do Via Magellan Strait 9,095 

Key West, Fla., U. S. A Outside; southbound 927 

Kingston, Jamaica Via Crooked I. and Windward Passages 1,279 

Liverpool, England Winter, eastbound 3,272 

Do Summer, eastbound 3,367 

Livingston, Guatemala Via Straits of Florida; southbound; out- 1,595 

side. 

London, England Winter, eastbound 3,506 

Do Summer, eastbound 3,590 

Manila, P. I Via Panama, San Francisco, and Yoko- 11,360 

ham a. 

Do Via Panama, Honolulu, Yokohama, 12,425 

Shanghai, and Hongkong. 

Do Via Panama, Honolulu, and Yokohama. 11,658 

Do ' Via Panama, Honolulu, and Guam 11,345 

Do Via Suez Canal, Colombo, and Singapore 11,724 

Melbourne, Australia . . .Via Panama, Tahiti, and Svdney 10,197 

Do Via St. Vincent, Cape Town, and Ade- 13,221 

laide. 

New York (The Batterv), N. Y.. V 292 

S. A 

Panama. C. Z Via Crooked I. and Windward Passages 1,822 

Philadelphia, Pa., U. S. A 260 

Port Antonio, Jamaica Via Crooked I. and Windward Passages 1,228 

Port Banes, Cuba Via Crooked I. Passage 1,018 

Port Limon, Costa Rica Via Crooked I. and Windward Passages 1,852 

Port Said, Egypt 5,287 



118 TABLE OF DISTANCES BETWEEN PORTS 



NORFOLK— Continued 

Nautical 

Norfolk, Va., V. S. A.., to — Route — Miles 

Port Townsend, Wash., U. S. A Via Panama and San Francisco 5,837 

Do Via Magellan Strait and San Francisco 13,857 

Portland, Ore., U. S. A . . . . Via Panama and San Francisco 5,717 

Do Via Magellan Strait and San Francisco 13,737 

Preston, Cuba Via Crooked I. Passage 1,021 

Providence, R. I., U. S. A 398 

Puerto Barrios, Guatemala Via Straits of Florida; southbound; out- 1,603 

side. 

r.ierto Cortes, Honduras do 1,568 

Punta Arenas, Chile East of South America 6,900 

Do * Via Panama Canal 5,765 

Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 4,723 

Rotterdam, Netherlands Winter, eastbound 3,552 

Do Summer, eastbound 3,636 

St. Vincent (Porto Grande), C. Verde 2,973 

Inlands. 

San Diego, Cal.. U. S. A ... .Via Panama Canal 4,665 

Do Via Magellan Strait 12,695 

San Francisco. Cal., U. S. <V Via Panama Canal 5,067 

Do Via Magellan Strait 13,087 

San Jose, Guatemala Via Panama Canal . 2,708 

Do Via Magellan Strait 11,190 

San Juan del Norte ( Grey town), Via Crooked I. and Windward Passages 1,837 

"NTl Cfi TFl °"1 ] r\ 

Do Via Straits of Florida, southboun; out- 1,846 

side. 

Santa Marta, Colombia Via Crooked I. and Windward Passages 1,588 

Savannah, Ga.. U. S. A 499 

Shanghai, China Via Panama, San Francisco, and Tsu- 10,454 

garu Strait. 

Do Via Panama, Honolulu, and Yokohama 10,942 

Do Via Suez, Colombo, Singapore, and 12,660 

Hongkong. 

Sitka, Alaska Via Panama and San Francisco 6,309 

Do Via Magellan Strait and San Francisco 14,389 

Sydney, Australia Via Panama and Tahiti 

Do Via St. Vincent, Cape Town, Adelaide, 

and Melbourne. 

Valparaiso, Chile Via Panama Canal 

Do Via Magellan Strait 

Washington, D. C„ U. S. A Inside Tail of Horseshoe Light-vessel 

Do Outside Tail of Horseshoe Light-vessel 

Wellington, New Zealand Via Panama and Tahiti 

Do Via Magellan Strait 11,296 

Do Via St. Vincent, Cape Town, and Mel- 14 500 

bourne. 

Wilmington, N. C., U. S. A 358 

Yokohama, Japan Via Panama and San Francisco ...... 9,603 

Do Via Panama and Honolulu 9,901 

Do Via Suez, Colombo, Singapore, Hong- 13,701 

kong, and Shanghai. 



PAITA 

Nautical 

Palta, Peru, to — Rotite — Milee 

Antofagasta, Chile 1,299 

Apia. Samoa Is 5,365 

Arica, Chile 1.080 

Caldera, Chile 1,461 

Callao, Peru 5J5 

Coquimbo, Chile 1,609 

Honolulu, Hawaii 4,725 

Jquique, Chile . 1,146 

Lota, Chile 1,983 

Mollendo, Peru 955 

Pascasmayo, Peru 201 

Pisco, Peru 617 

Punta Arenas, Chile 3,101 

Tahiti (Papeete), Society Is 4.r>82 

Talcahuano, Chile 1 963 

Valdivia (Port Corral), Chile 2,141 

Valparaiso, Chile 177 1 



9,616 
13,802 


4,438 

8,332 

173 

187 
8,656 



TABLE OF DISTANCES BETWEEN PORTS 11» 

PANAMA ROADS 

Nautical 

Panama Roads, Canal Zona, to — Route — Miles 

Acapulco, Mexico 1,426 

Amapala, Honduras 746 

Antofagasta, Chile 2,140 

Antwerp, Belgium Via Mona Passage 4,851 

Apalachicola, Fla.. U. S. A 1,330 

Apia, Samoa Is 5,710 

Arica, Chile 1,921 

Auckland, New Zealand 6,512 

Baltimore, Md., U. S. A Via Windward and Crooked I. Passages 1,944 

Barbados (Bridgetown), W. I 1.280 

Belize, Brit. Honduras 85» 

Bishops Rock (lat. 49° 50' N., long.Via Anegada Passage 4,438 

6° 27' W.) 

Do Via Mona Passage . 4,399 

Blanche Bay, Neu Pommern 7,807 

Bluefields, Nicaragua 319 

Bocas del Toro, Panama 187 

Bombay, India Via San Bernardino Strait 12,957 

Bordeaux, France Via Mona Passage 4,641 

Boston, Mass., U. S. A Via Windward and Crooked I. Passages 2,200 

and outside Nantucket Lightvessel. 

Brunswick, Ga., U. S. A Via Windward and Crooked I. Passages 1,593 

Calcutta, India Via San Bernardino Strait 12,148 

Caldera, Chile 2,302 

Caleta Buena (Buena Cove), Chile 1,977 

Callao, Peru 1,346 

Campeche, Mexico 1,210 

Cape Engano, Luzon I., P. 1 8,965 

Cape Haitien, Haiti 860 

Cape San Lucas, Mexico 2,100 

Carmen, Mexico 1,289 

Cartagena, Colombia 324 

Ceiba, Honduras 709 

Charleston, S. C, U. S. A Via Windward and Crooked I. Passages 1,607 

Chimbote, Peru 1,158 

Christmas I.. N. Pacific Ocean 4,752 

Cienfuegos, Cuba 815 

Colombo, Ceylon Via San Bernardino Strait and Iloilo 12,087 

Coquimbo. Chile : 2,451 

Corinto, Nicaragua 683 

Coronel, Chile 2,822 

Curacao (Santa Ana Harbor), W. 1 742 

Dutch Harbor, Alaska 5,245 

Enderbury I., Phoenix Is ". 5,599 

Esmeraldas, Ecuador 474 

Fakarava, Tuamotu Archipelago 4,256 

Fort De France, Martinique, W. 1 1,202 

Funafuti I., Elllce Is ■ 6,21 7 

Galapagos Is., San Cristobal I. 864 

(Wreck Bay). 

Galveston, Tex., U. S. A 1,536 

Gibraltar Via Anegada Passage 4,375 

Do Via St. Thomas, W. 1 4,386 

Gracias a Dios. Nicaragua 442 

Grijalva [Tabasco R.], Mexico 1,323 

Guam (Port Apra), Marianas 7,988 

Guantanamo Bay (Caimanera), Cuba 739 

Guayaquil (Puna), Ecuador 793 

Guaymas. Mexico 2,370 

Gulfport, Miss., U. S. A Northbound L431 

Habana, Cuba 1,946 

Hakodate, Japan 7,418 

Halifax, N. S Via Windward and Crooked I. Passages 2,360 

Hamburg, Germany Via Mona Passage, direct 5,113 

Do Via St. Thomas, W. 1 5,158 

Hampton Roads (off light), Va., U.Via Windward and Crooked I. Passages 1,811 

S. A. 

Havre, France Via Mona Passage 4,653 

Hilo, Hawaii 4 527 

Hongkong [ V 9495 

Honolulu, Hawaii 4 685 

Iquique, Chile ) ] 1*987 

Iriona, Honduras ' ' ' *609 

Jacksonville, Fla., U. S. A Via Windward and Crooked I." Passages 1559 

Jaluit, Marshall Is , 6 666 

Tohnson I., Hawaii 5*359 

Junin. Chile ' ' ' ' 1*967 



120 TABLE OF DISTANCES BETWEEN PORTS 

PANAMA ROADS— Continued 

Nautical 

Panama Roads, C. Z., to — Route — Miles 

Key West, Fla., U. S. A 1,108 

Kingston. Jamaica, W. 1 594 

Kiska I., Alaska 5,819 

Kusaie I. (Lollo Hbr.). Caroline Is 7,059 

La Guaira, Venezuela 884 

La Union, Salvador 748 

JLevuka, Fiji Is 6,288 

Libertad Anch., Sonora, Mexico 2,534 

Liverpool .England Via Mona Passage 4,591 

Livingston, Guatemala 815 

Los Angeles Hbr. (San Pedro), Cal 2,913 

U. S. A. 

Lota, Chile 2,825 

Magdalena Bay, Mexico 2,265 

Manila, P. I Via Cape San Lucas and Balingtang 9,347 

Channel. 

Do Via San Bernardino Strait 9,370 

Marquesa Is., Nakuhiva (Taiohae) 3,826 

Marshall Is. (Eniwetok Atoll) 7,041 

Matagorda Bay (Entr.), Tex., U. S. A 1,558 

Mazatlan, Mexico . . . 2,006 

Mejillones Del Sur, Chile 2,109 

Melbourne, Australia Via Foveaux Strait 7,928 

Midway Is. (Welles Hbr.) 5,707 

Mobile, Ala., U. S. A Northbound 1,436 

Mollendo, Peru 1,796 

Monkey Pt. Hbr., Nicaragua 302 

Montreal, Canada Via Windward and Crooked I. Passages 3,203 

and Gut of Canso. 

Naples, Italy Via Anegada Passage 5,351 

New Hebrides (St. Philip and St 6,956 

James Bay). 

New Orleans, La., U. S. A. Via South Pass; northbound 1,446 

Do, Via Southwest Pass; northbound 1,453 

New York (The Battery), N. Y. U.Via Windward and Crooked I. Passages 2,017 
S. A. 

Newport News, Va., U. S. A do 1,819 

Nonuti I., Gilbert Is 6,439 

Norfolk, Va.. U. S. A Via Windward and Crooked I. Passages 1,822 

Noumea, New Caledonia 6,982 

Nukonono, Union Is 5,688 

Pacasmayo, Peru 1,040 

Pago Pago, Samoa Is 5,656 

Paita, Peru ■ : . . 857 

Pelew Is. (Korror Hbr.) 8,674 

Pensacola, Fla., U. S. A Northbound 1,412 

Philadelphia, Pa., U. S. A Via Windward and Crooked I. Passages. . .1,989 

Pisagua, Chile 1,962 

Pisco, Peru 1,458 

Plymouth, England Via St. Thomas. W. 1 4,543 

Point a Pitre, Guadeloupe, W. 1 1,211 

Ponape, Caroline Is 7.321 

Port Arthur, Tex., U. S. A 1,528 

Port au Prince, Haiti 817 

Port Castries, S. Lucia, W. 1 1,203 

Port Limon, Costa Rica " 235 

Port Lloyd, Ogasawara Is 7,766 

Port Morelos, Yucatan 871 

Port Royal, Jamaica, W. I 589 

Port of Spain, Trinidad, W. 1 1,202 

Port Taltal, Chile 2,225 

Port Tampa, Fla., U. S. A 1,255 

Port Townsend, Wash., U. S. A 3,985 

Portland, Me., U. S. A Via Windward and Crooked I. Passages; 2.241 

outside Nantucket Lightvessel. 

Portland, Ore., U. S. A. 3,869 

Puerto Barrios, Guatemala 823 

Puerto Cabello, Venezuela 845 

Puerto Cortes, Honduras 776 

Puerto Mexico, Mexico 1,420 

Punta Arenas, Chile 3,943 

Punta Arenas, Costa Rica . . *471 

Quebec, Canada Via Windward and Crooked I. Passages 3,065 

» , „ and Gut of Canso. 

Raoul I. (East Anch.), Kermadec Is 6,125 

Rarotonga I. (Avarua Hbr.) 5,095 

Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 4 392 



TABLE OF DISTANCES BETWEEN PORTS 



121 



PANAMA ROADS— Continued 



Nautical 
LXiles 



. . . .Via Windward and Crooked I. Passages 



Panama Roads, C. Z., to — Route 

Rio Grande (Entr.) l.|27 

Roatan I. (Coxen Hole) • o°* 

Sabine, Tex., U. S. A 1.519 

St. Thomas, W. I J.JJ2 

Salina Cruz, Mexico i'ii;! 

San Bernardino Strait (Entr.), P. 1 9,060 

San Bias, Mexico 1,914 

San Diego, Cal., U. S. A 2,843 

San Francisco, Cal., U. S. A. ... 

San Jose, Guatemala 

San Juan, P. R 

San Juan del Norte, Nicaragua . 
San Juan del Sur, Nicaragua . . 
Santa Barbara, Cal., U. S. A. ... 
Santo Domingo, Dominican Rep. 

Savannah, Ga., U. S. A 

Seattle, Wash., U. S. A 

Shanghai, China Via Honolulu 

Do Via Osumi (Van Diemen) Strait 

Do Via Tsugaru Strait 

Singapore, Straits Settlements Via San Bernardino Strait 

Southport, N. C, U. S. A Via Windward and Crooked I. Passages 

Strait of Gibraltar (lat. 35° 57' N., Via Anegada Passage 

long. 5° 45' W.). 

Sydney, Australia 

Tacoma, Wash., U. S. A 

Tahiti (Papeete), Society Is 

Talcahuano, Chile 

Tampico, Mexico 

Tela, Honduras 

Tocopilla, Chile 

Tongatabu ( Nukualofa) , Tonga Is 

Trujlllo, Honduras 

Tuxpam, Mexico 

Ugi I. (Selwyn Bay), Solomon Is 

Uracas I., Marianas 

Valdivia (P. Corral), Chile 

Valparaiso, Chile 

Vancouver, B. C 

Vera Cruz, Mexico 

Vladivostok, Siberia Via Tsugaru Strait 

Wellington, New Zealand 

Yap I. (Tomill Hbr.), Caroline Is 

Yokohama, Japan Via Cape San Lucas and G. C 

Do Via Mazatlan 

Do Via San Francisco .' 



,245 

886 

1,036 

289 

590 

2,980 

845 

1,600 

4.021 

9,015 

8,650 

8,556 

10,505 

1,635 

4.-353 

7,6? I 
1,041 
4,486 

2,805 
1.528 

711) 
2,068 
5,953 

6 65 
1,498 
7.248 
7,797 
2,983 
2,616 
4,032 
1,463 
7,833 
6,505 
8,430 
7,682 
7,788 
7.781 



PORT TOWNSEND 



Strait and Composite 



Port Townsend, "Wash., XJ. S. A. to — Route — 

Amoy, China Via Tsugaru 

route. 

1 -o Via Osumi (Van Diemen) Strait and 

Composite route. 

Do . ; Via Unimak Passage and Tsugaru St. 

D.» Via Unimak Passage, Amphitrite Sts. 

and La Perouse. 

Antwerp. Belgium Via San Francisco and Panama Canal 

Do Via San Francisco and Magellan St. 



Nautical 
Miles 

5,450 



5,477 

5,442 
5,434 

8,866 

. 14,391 

Apia, Samoa Is 4,577 

Auckland, New Zealand 6.134 

Baltimore, Maryland, U. S. A Via San Francisco and Panama Canal 5,959 

Do . . Via San Francisco and Magellan St. 13,979 

Batavia, Java Via Balintang Channel and Composite 7,323 

route. 

Blanche Ba^\ Neu Pommern 5,462 

Bordeaux, France Via San Francisco and Panama Canal 8,656 

Do Via San Francisco and Magellan St. 14,032 

Boston, Mass., U. S. A Via San Francisco and Panama Canal 6,215 

Do Via San Francisco and Magellan St 13,876 

Calcutta, India Via Rhumb to Yokohama 8 970 

Canton, China Via Osumi (Van Diemen) Strait and 5',814 

Composite route. 

Do Via Tsugaru St. and Composite route 5,792 

Do Via Unimak Passage and Tsugaru St. ".76 4 



122 TABLE OF DISTANCES BETWEEN PORTS 

PORT TOWNSEND— Continued 

Port Townaend, Wash., XJ. S. A. to— Wautical 

Route— Miles 

Cape Ergano, Luzon L., P. I h%lf 

Cebu, Cebu Island, P. I • A' mm \ MU 

Charleston, S. C, U. S. A Via San Francisco and Panama Canal 5,622 

Do Via San Francisco and Magellan St. 13,856 

Chefoo China Via Tsugaru St. and Composite route 5,102 

Do .' Via Unimak Passage and Tsugaru St. 5,074 

Do Via Osumi (Van Diemen) Strait . 5,340 

Do Via Unimak Passage, Amphitrite and 5,084 

La Perouse. 

Christmas Island, N. Pacific Ocean 3,344 

Colombo, Ceylon ..Via Balintang Channel, Malakka Sts. t,616 

and Composite route. 

Comox, B. C Via Active Passage 145 

Dutch Harbor, Unalaska I., Alaska 1,670 

Bnderbury I., Phoenix Is < 4,012 

Fakarava I., Tuamotu Archipelago 4,120 

Foochow, China Via Osumi (Van Diemen) Strait and 5,364 

Composite route. 

Do Via Tsugaru St. and Composite route 5,328 

Do > Via Unimak Passage and Tsugaru St. 5,300 

Do ...Via Unimak Passage, Amphitrite St*. 5,313 

and La Perouse. 

Funafuti I.. Ellice Is 4,602 

Galapagos Is., San Cristobol 1 3,734 

(Wreck Bay.) 

Galveston, Texas Via San Francisco and Panama Canal 5,551 

Do Via San Francisco and Magellan St. 14,497 

Gibraltar Via San Francisco, Panama Canal and 8,390 

Anegada Passage. 

Do Via San Francisco and Magellan St. 13,341 

Guam (Port Apra) Marianas 4,913 

Hakodate, Japan Composite 3,915 

Do Via Unimak Passage 3,887 

Hamburg, Germany Via San Franci'sco, Panama and Mona 9,128 

Passage. 

Do Via San Francisco and Magellan St. 14,653 

Hongkong Via Osummi (Van Diemen) St. and 5,731 

Composite route. 

Do '. Via Rhumb to Yokohama 5,992 

Do Via Tsugaru Strait and Composite . . . 5,709 

Do Via Unimak Passage and Tsugaru St.. . .5,681 

Honolulu, Hawaii 2,366 

Iloilo. P. I 5,892 

Jacksonville, Florida, U. S. A Via San Francisco and Panama Canal 5,574 

Do Via San Francisco and Magellan St. 13,875 

Jaluit, Marshall Is 4,259 

Jinsen (Chemulpo), Via Unimak Passage, Amphitrite Sts. 4,977 

and La Perouse. 

Do Via Unimak Passage and Tsugaru St. . 4,967 

Do Via Tsugaru St. and Composite route 4,995 

Do Via Osumi (Van Diemen) Strait 5,242 

Johnson Island, Hawaii 2,978 

Kiska I. (Kiska Hbr), Alaska Via Unimak Passage 2,257 

Kobe, Japan Composite 4,500 

Kodiak, Alaska 1,229 

Kusaie I. (Lollo Hbr.), Caroline Is 4,54? 

Levuka, Fiji Is 5,083 

Liverpool, England Via San Francisco and Panama Canal 8,606 

Do ..: Via San Francisco and Magellan St. 14,272 

Manila, P. I Composite Great Circle 5,931 

Marquesas Is., Nukuhiva (Taiohae) 3,628 

Marshall Islands (Eniwetok Atoll) 4,315 

Mobile, Alabama, U. S. A Via San Francisco and Panama Canal 5,429 

Do Via San Francisco and Magellan St. 14,268 

Nagasaki. Japan Via Tsugaru St. and Composite 4,700 

Do Via Osumi (Van Diemen) St. and Com- 4,832 

posite. 

New Hebrides (St. Philip and St 5.344 

James Bay.) 

New Orleans, La., U. S. A Via San Francisco, Panama and South- 5.4r,7 

west Pass. 

Do Via San Francisco, Magellan St. and 14,321 

South Pass. 

New York, N. Y., U. S. A Via Panama Canal R.002 

x Do Via Magellan St 13. S7.'I 

Nonuti Island, Gilbert Islands 1305 



TABLE OF DISTANCES BETWEEN PORTS 128 



PORT TOWNSEND— Continued 

Nautical 

Route Miles 
Port Townsend, Wash., U.S.A., to — 

Vnrfnik Vfl USA Via San Francisco and Panama Canal 5,837 

Do! . . ... ..'... .'. '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. ! Via San Francisco and Magellan St. 13,857 

Noumea, New Caledonia i'Hr 

Nukonono, Union Is Vast 

Panama Road, C. Z trln 

Pelew Is. (Korror Hbr.) • • ; • • • • 5,067 

Pensacola, Florida, U. S. A Via San Francisco and Panama . . . ... 5,402 

Do Via San Francisco and Magellan St. 14,288 

Petropavlovsk, ' Kamchatka ".'.'.'.'..'. '. ! Via Unimak Passage . . . . 2,005 

Philadelphia Pa U S A Via San Francisco and Panama Canal 6,004 

Do ......' '. . '. San Francisco and Magellan St 13,902 

Port Lloyd, Ogasawara is • ........ • • • • • • • • j>*l* 

Port Tampa Florida, U. S A Via San Francisco and Panama Canal 5,270 

Do Via San Francisco and Magellan St. 14,023 

Portland Maine USA '.'.Via San Francisco and Panama Canal 6,256 

Do . . '. Via San Francisco and Magellan St. 1 3,907 

Punta Arenas, Chile ?'??£ 

Raoul Island (East Anch.), Kermadee 5,54 1 

Islands. 

Rarotonga I. (Avarua Hbr.), Cook Is. • 4.66o 

Ryoiun (Port Arthur), Kvvangtung.Via Tsugaru St. and Composite route 5.143 
Manchuria. 

Do Via Unimak Passage and Tsugaru St. 5,115 

Do Via Unimak Passage, Amphitrite Sts. 5,125 

and La Perouse. 

Do Via Osumi (Van Diemen) St 5,381 

San Bernardino Strait (Entr. j, P. I. . 5,714 

San Francisco, Cal., U. S. A 770 

Savannah, Georgia, U. S. A Via San Francisco and Panama Canal 5.621 

Do Via San Francisco and Magellan St. 13,888 

Seattle, Wash 28 

Shanghai, China Via Unimak Passage, Amphitrite Sts. 5,035 

and La Perouse. 

Do Via Osumi (Van Diemen) St. and Com- 5,186 

posite. 

Do Via Tsugaru St. and Composite 5,053 

Do Via Unimak Passage and Tsugaru St. 5.025 

Shimonoseki, Japan Via Composite route from Yokohama 4,689 

and Bungo Channel. 

Do Via Tsugaru St. and Composite route 4,583 

Singapore, Straits Settlements Via Composite route and Balintang 7,034 

Channel. 

Sitka, Alaska Via Juan de Fuca Strait and outside 772 

Swatow, China Via Composite route and Osumi (Van 5,581 

Diemen) St. 

Do Via Composite route and Tsugaru St. 5,559 

Do Via Unimak Passage and Tsugaru St. 5,531 

Tahiti (Papeete), Society Islands 4,260 

Taku, China Via Unimak Passage, Amphitrite Sts. 5,278 

and La Perouse. 

Do Via Osumi (Van Diemen) St 5,534 

Do Via Composite route and Tsugaru St. 5,296 

Do Via Unimak Passage and Tsugaru St. 5,268 

Tansui Harbor, Taiwan (Formosa) ..Via Unimak Passage, Amphitrite St. 5,272 

and La Perouse. 

Do . .• Via Osumi (Van Diemen) St. and Com- 5,292 

posite. 

Do Via Composite and Tsugaru St 5,283 

Do Via Unimak Passage and Tsugaru St. 5,255 

Ugi I. (Selwyn Bay), Solomon Is 5,310 

Uracas I., Marianas 4,585 

Vancouver, B. C 95 

Victoria, Vancouver Island, B. C 35 

Vladivostok, Siberia Via Akutan Passage and Tsugaru St. 4.300 

Do Via Unimak Passage, Amphitrite Sts. 4,183 

adn La Perouse. 

Do Via Composite route and Tsugaru St. 4,330 

Do Via Unimak Passage and Tsugaru St 4,302 

Weihaiwei, China Via Unimak Passage and Tsugaru St. 5,050 

and La Perouse. 

Do Via Osumi (Van Diemen) St 5,306 

Do Via Composite route and Tsugaru St. 5,068 

Do Via Unimak Passage and Tsugaru St. 5,040 

Yap I. (Tomill Hbr.), Caroline Is 5 346 

Yokohama, Japan Composite; south of Aleutian Islands 4*218 

Do V,*a Rhumb 4,469 



124 TABLE OF DISTANCES BETWEEN PORTS 



SAN DIEGO 

Nautical 

San Dieg-o, Cal., TJ. S. A., to — Route— Mile* 

Acapulco, Mexico 1,431 

Antofagasta, Chile 4,360 

Arica, Chile 4,149 

Caldera, Chile J 4,492 

Callao, Peru 3,585 

Chimbote, Peru 3,402 

Ccquimbo, Chile 4,605 

Corinto, Nicaragua 2,211 

Esmeraldas, Ecuador 2,940 

Guayaquil (Puna), Ecuador 3,112 

Guaymas, Mexico '. 1,088 

Hilo, Hawaii . 2.175 

Iquique, Chile 4,218 

Los Angeles Harbor, Cal., U. S. A 92 

Lota, Chile 4,881 

Magdalena Bay, Mexico 600 

Mazatlan, Mexico 939 

Midway Is. (Welles Harbor) 3,097 

Mollendo, Peru . 4,024 

Pacasmayo, Peru 3,286 

Paita, Peru 3,121 

Panama, C. Z 2,843 

Pisco, Peru 3,695 

Portland, Ore., U. S. A 1,073 

Punta Arenas, Chile . . . 5,801 

Punta Arenas, Costa Rica 2,429 

Salina Cruz, Mexico 1,733 

San Bias, Mexico 1,015 

San Jose, Guatemala 1,993 

Talcahuano, Chile 4,869 

Valdivia (Port Corral), Chile 5,007 

Valparaiso, Chile 4,738 



SAN FRANCISCO 



Nautical 

San Francisco, Cal.. U. S. A., to — Route — Miles 

Acapulco, Mexico 1,883 

Amapala, Honduras 2.586 

Amoy, China Via Osumi (Van Dieman) Strait 5.796 

Anchorage, Cook Inlet, Alaska 1,872 

Antofagasta, Chile 4 762 

Antwerp, Belgium Via Panama Canal 8,096 

Apia, Samoa Is 4.1 61 

Arica, Chile 4,R51 

Auckland, New Zealand 5,680 

Baltimore, Md„ U. S. A Via Panama Canal 5,189 

Batavia, Java Via Balintang Channel 7,642 

Bishop's Rock (lat. 49° 50' N., long. Via Panama Canal and Mona Passage 7,(?'4 

6° 27' W.) 

Blanche Bay, New Pommern 5,396 

Bordeaux. France Via Panama Canal 7,886 

Do Via Magellan Strait 13,26.? 

Boston, Mass.. U. S. A Via Panama Canal 5,445 

Bremen, Germany do 8,3?^ 

Bremerton, Wash 8J . 



TABLE OF DISTANCES BETWEEN PORTS 125 



SAN FRANCISCO— Continued 

Nautical 

San Francisco, Cal., U. S. A., to — Route Miles 

Brest, France Via Magellan and Rio de Janeiro 13,271 

Do Via Panama and Mona Passage .... 7,708 

Buenos Aires Via Panama Canal 8,738 

Do Via Magellan Strait 7,576 

Caldera, Chile 4,894 

Caleta Buena (Buena Cove), Chile 4,608 

Callao, Peru 3987 

Canton, China Via Osumi (Van Diemen) Strait ".'..'.'. 6,'l 32 

Cape Ergano, Luzon L., P. I 5,840 

Cape "Wrangell, Attn I., Alaska \ . 2J98 

Cebu, Cebu Island, P. I ' " ' 6146 

Charleston, S. C. U. S. A Via Panama Canal '.'....' !....*.. 4^852 

Chefoo, China Via Tsugaru Strait 5,4 36 

_ D° .•••••■ Via Osumi (Van Diemen) Strait 5,659 

Chimbote, Peru 3 394 

Christmas Island, N. Pacific Ocean ..'/'/, ' /!*]*""! '. .'. '. '.'.'.*.'. '. .'...'.......'.'. ' 2894 

Colombo, Ceylon Via' *Balintang' 'channeY 'and "Malakka 8^935 

Strait. 

Copenhagen, Denmark Via Panama and Mona Passage 8,638 

Coquimbo, Chile 5,007 

Corinto, Nicaragua 2,613 

Dutch Harbor, Alaska Via Sitka 2.3S6 

Enderbury I., Phoenix Is 3,657 

Esmeraldas, Ecuador 3,3 42 

Fakarava I., Tuamoto Archipelago 3,503 

Flavel, Oregon 561 

Foochow, China Via Osumi (Van Diemen) Strait 5,683 

Funafuti I., Ellice Is 4,295 

Galapogos Is.. San Cristobal I., 2,994 

(VTreck Bay.) 

Galveston, Texas Via Panama Canal 4,781 

Do Via Magellan Strait 13,727 

Gibraltar Via Panama Canal and Anegada Pass- 7,620 

age. 

Guam (Port Apra) Marianas 5,053 

Guayaquil (Puna) Ecuador 3,511 

Guaymas, Mexico 1,490 

Gulf of Fonseca (Moneypenny Pt.J 2,587 

Nicaragua. 

Habana, Cuba Via Panama Canal 4,291 

Hakodate, Japan 4,249 

Halifax, N. S Via Panama Canal 5,605 

Hamburg, Germany Via Panama Canal 8,358 

Havre, France do 7,898 

Hongkong 6,306 

Plonolulu, Hawaii 2,091 

Iloilo, P. I .• 6,168 

Iquique, Chile . 4 629 

Jacksonville Fla .Via Panama Canal 4.'804 

Jaluit, Marshall Is 4,150 

Jinsen (Chemulpo), Chosen (Korea) via OsumV "(Van' Diemen) ' Strait '.'.'.'.'. 5^561 

Johnson Island, Hawaii 2,779 

Junin Chile 4,598 

Key West, Fla Via Panama Canal •' 4,353 

Kiska I., Alaska 2,629 

Kusaie I., (Lollo), Caroline Is 4,478 

La Union, Salvador 2,586 

Levuka, Fiji Is 4,705 

Libertad Anch., Sonora, Mexico 1,648 

Liverpool, England Via Panama Canal 7,836 

Do Via Magellan Strait .• 13,502 



126 TABLE OF DISTANCES BETWEEN PORTS 



SAN FRANCISCO— Continued 

Nautical 

San Francisco, Cal., U. S. A., to — Route Miles 

London, England Via Panama Canal and Mona Passage 8,051 

Los Angeles Harbor (San Pedro) 368 

Lota, Chile 5,282 

Magdalena Bay, Mexico 1,002 

Manila, P. I Via Balintang Channel 6,221 

Do Via San Bernardino Strait 6,301 

Do Via Honolulu and north end of Luzon, 6.960 

P. I. 

Do Via Honolulu, Guam and north end of 7,170 

Luzon, P. I. 

Do Via Honolulu, Guam and San Bernar- 6,929 

dino Strait. 

Do Via Honolulu, Yokohama and Balin- 7,24 2 

tang Channel. 

Do Via Yokohama and Balintang Channel 6,293 

Do Via Yokohama, Osumi (Van Diemen) 6,752 

Strait and Hongkong. 

Do Via Yokohama, Inland Sea, and Naga- 6,575 

Do . . -. Via Yokohama, Osumi (Van Diemen) 6,522 

Strait and Nagasaki. 

Do Via Osumi (Van Diemen) Strait and 6,457 

Nagasaki. 

Mare I., (Navy Yard), Cal., U. S. A 23 

Muquesas Is., Nukuhiva (Taiohae) 2,987 

Marshal Islands (Eniwetok Atoll) 4,306 

Mazatlan, Mexico 1,337 

Mejillones del Sur, Chile 4,734 

Midway Is., (Welles Hrabor) 2,792 

Mobile, Alabama. U. S. A Via Panama Canal 4,659 

Do Via Magellan Strait 13,498 

Mollendo, Peru 4,426 

Monterey, Cal., U. S. A 95 

Nagasaki, Japan Via Yokohama and Inland Sea 5,269 

Naples, Italy Via Panama Canal 8,596 

New Hebrides (St. Philip and St 5,086 

James Bay.) 

New Orleans., La.. U. S. A Via Panama Canal and South Pass ... 4,691 

Do Via Panama Canal and Southwest Pass 4,698 

New York (The Battery), N. Y., U. Via Cape Horn 13,328 

Do Via Magellan Strait 13.135 

,Do .. Via Panama Canal 5,262 

Newcastle, Australia 6 467 

Newport News, Va.. U. S. A Via Panama Canal . ' ! ! .' 5,064 

Nonuti Island, Gilbert Islands 4,185 

Norfolk Va., U. S. A Via Panama Canal 5,067 

Noumea, New Caledonia 5,410 

Nukonono, Union Is .!.."......!!!!!.!....!..!...!!....!. 3,957 

Pacasmayo, Peru , " j . ..................... .', 3*688 

Pago Pago, Samoa Is 4*150 

Paita, Peru .., 1 !.'...!.!" .'.!!!!"•'.'.!.. J !!!!'.!.'!! . 3*523 

Panama, C. Z 3 245 

Paramaribo Guiana Via' Panama Canal .'!!!!.'.'!'.!!!!!..!!. 4,*936 

Pelew Is. (Korror Hbr.) 5 751 

Pensacola, Fla., U. S. A Via Panama 'Canal ".'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. 4*632 

Do .......... Via Magellan Strait 13,458 

Petropavlovsk, Kamchatka Via Ummak Passage 3,292 

Philadelphia, Pa., U. S. A via Panama Canal 5,234 

Pichilinque, Mexico 1 300 

Pisagua, Chile ' ' \ ' 4*593 

Pisco, Peru 4097 

Plymouth England Via* Panama and* Mona Passage' .' .' .' .' .' .' ! 7*788 

Foia, Austria . Via Panama and Anegada Passage . . . 9,255 

Do Via Magellan Strait and Rio de Janeiro 14,323 

Ponape, Caroline Is 4,641 

Port Lloyd, Ogasawara Is ■ 4'675 

Port Taltal, Chile 4*838 

Port Tampa, Fla.. U. S. A Via Panama Canal .."'..."'!'".''!'!! 4*590 

Do Via Magellan Strait 13,253 

Portsmouth, England Via Panama Canal 7,875 

Do Via Magellan Strait and Rio de Janeiro 13,471 



TABLE OF DISTANCES BETWEEN PORTS 127 



SAN FRANCISCO— Continued 

Nautical 

San Francisco, Cal., V. S. A., to — Route Miles 

Port Townsend, Wash., U. S. A ••.•••• v: • • »,v K ]12 

Portland, Maine, U. S. A Via Panama Canal 5,486 

Portland, Oregon, U S A »j>0 

Punta Arenas, Chile o'ooi 

Punta Arenas. Costa Rica • A»di 

Raoul Island, (East Anch.), Kermadec 

Islands. 5,090 

Rarotonga I., (Avarua Hbr.), Cook 

Is 4,1*24 

Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Via Panama Canal 7,637 

Do Via Magellan Strait 8,430 

Ryojun (Port Arthur), Kwangtung, Via Osumi (Van Diemen) Strait 5,700 

Manchuria. 

St. Pa-il, Pribilof Is., Alaska Via Dutch Harbor 2,289 

Salina Cruz, Mexico 2,135 

San Bernardino Strait (Entr.), P. 1 5,991 

San Bias, Mexico 1.417 

San Diego, Cal., U. S. A 452 

San Jose, Guatamala 2,395 

San Juan, P. R Via Panama Canal 4,281 

Santa Sarbara, Cal., U. S. A 288 

Sasebo, Japan Via Osumi (Van Diemen) Strait 5,185 

Savani ah, Georgia, U. S. A Via Panama Canal 4,851 

Seattle, Wash., U. S. A 804 

Sevastopol, Russia Via Panama and Anegada Passage .... 9,738 

Shangl ai, China Via Osumi (Van Diemen) Strait 5,505 

Shimonoseki. Japan Via Bungo Channel and Osumi (Van 5,008 

Diemen) Strait. 

Do Via Tsugaru Strait 4,916 

Singap >re, Straits Settlement Via Balintang Channel 7,353 

Sitka, Alaska 1,302 

Southa npton, England Via Panama Canal 7,863 

Spezia, Italy Via Panama and Anegada Passage . . . 8,496 

Do Via Magellan Strait and Rio de Janeiro 13,564 

Stockholm, Sweden Via" Panama Canal 9,185 

Swatow, China Via Osumi (Van Diemen) Strait 5,900 

Sydney, Australia Via Honolulu, Pago Pago, and Auck- 7,212 

land. 

Do Via Honolulu and Pago Pago 6,744 

Tacoma, Wash.. U. S. A 826 

Taku, China Via Osumi (Van Diemen) Strait 5,853 

Do Via Tsugaru Strait 5,630 

Talcahuano, Chile 5,270 

Tansui Harbor, Taiwan (Formosa) ..Via Osumi (Van Diemen) Strait 5,611 

l->o . Via Tsugaru Strait 5,617 

Tientsin, China Via Yokohama, Bungo Channel and 5,918 

north of Quelpart I. 

Tocopilla, Chile 4,699 

Tongatabu (Nukualofa) Tonga Is 4,628 

Ugi I., (Selwyn Bay), Solomon Is 5,129 

Uracas I., Marianas 4,779 

Valdivia (Port Corral), Chile 5,407 

Valparaiso, Chile 5,140 

Vera Cruz, Mexico Via Panarua 4,798 

Vladivostok, Siberia Via Unimak Passage, Amphitrite St. 4,570 

Do ; Tsugaru Strait 4,664 

Weihaiwei, China Via Tsugaru Strait 5,402 

Do Via Osumi (Van Diemen) Strait 5,625 

Wellington, New Zealand 5,905 

Wllhelmshaven, Germany Via Panama and Mona Passage * 8,294 

„ J?° Via Magellan and Rio de Janeiro 13,883 

Wilmington, N. C, U. S. A Via Panama Canal 4,901 

Tap I. (Tomill Hbr.), Caroline Is 5,501 

Yokohama, Japan Great Circle 4,536 

Do Rhumb 4.799 



128 



TABLE OF DISTANCES BETWEEN PORTS 



SAN FRANCISCO 

DISTANCES FROM SAN FRANCISCO, CAL., U. S. A., TO DOMESTIC, 
AND BRITISH COLUMBIA FORTS AND COAST POINTS 

Nautical 
Miles 

Anacortes, Wash 796 Olympia, Wash 

Anchorage, Alaska 1872 Pig-eon Point 

Astoria, Oregon 555 Pillar Point. 


MEXICAN 

Nautical 
Miles 

862 

45 

26 




810 


Point Arena 

Point Arguello 


100 




51 


252 




16 


7 




815 




206 




372 




263 


Cape Blanco 


341 

545 


Point Cypress 


100 


Cape Disappointment .... 




360 


Cape Flattery, Wash. . . . 


680 

200 


Point Fermin 


391 






184 




464 


Point Lobos 

Point Loma 


7y 2 

475 


Cape Lookout 

Cape Mendocino 


486 

195 

433 


Point New Year 


50 

19 




147 


Point Piedras Blancas . . 

Point Reyes 

Point Sal 

Point San Luis 

Point Sur 


166 




276 


33 


Carpenteria 


312 

193 


232 

• 215 




540 

375 

360 

274 

634 

1593 

2051 

2386 

496 

216 

797 

511 . 

667 


115 


Coos Bay 


Point Tomales 


46 


Coquille River 




384 






2723 


Destruction Island 

Douglas Island , 

Dutch Harbor 


Portland, Oregon 

Port Orf ord 

Port San Luis 


650 

336 

216 


Dutch Harbor via Sitka . 
Onsenada 


Port Townsend 

Powell River, B. C 


770 

868 


Eureka (Humboldt Bav) 




379 


Everett, Wash 

False Tillamook 


Rogue River 


313 

482 




San Jose del Cabo 

San Luis Obispo 


1192 


Flavel, Oregon 


561 

275 


220 

j 72 




296 


Santa Barbara 


2SS 




55S 


71 




1490 

337 




372 




San Pedro 

Santa Rosalia 

Seattle, Wash 


393 


Humboldt Bay 


216 

1596 

1299' 


lSAo 

8u4 


Killisnoo 


Shelter Cove 

Shoalwater Bay 


165 


Kiska Island, Alaska .... 


2629 

1472 


569 

... . 1302 


Kotzebue Sound 


2927 


St. Michael 

Table Bluff 


2705 


Ladysmith, B. C 


804 

1722 

241 


212 

826 




Tillamook Bay 

Tillamook Head 


499 




1381 


523 


Los Angeles Harbor 

Magdalena Bay 

Mazatlan 


368 

1002 

1478 

123 


Trinidad 


233 

394 


Unalaska 

Union Bay, B. C 


2051 

875 


Monterey 

Moro Bay 

Nanaimo, B. C 


93 

198 

828 


833 




327 


"Victoria B. C .... 


750 


Willapa Hbr. "Whistle B 

Wrangel, Alaska 

Yakuina Bay 


:uoy" 588 


New Westminster, B. C. . 
Nome, Alaska 


829 

2705 


1448 

454 



WILLAPA HARBOR 

Willapa Harbor Wash. Nautical 

"Whistle Buoy" to — , Route — Miles 

Astoria, Oregon " 38 

Eureka, Humboldt Bay 355 

Grays Harbor, "Whistle Buoy" 15% 

Honolulu, Hawaii . 2,268 

Los Angeles Harbor (San Pedro) 956 

Cal 

Manila, P. I Via Honolulu 7,035 

Port Townsend, Wash 194 

San Francisco 

Seattle, Wash 233 

Tacoma, Wash 258 

Vancouver. B. C 254 

Victoria, B. C 1™ 



INDEX 
A 

Acapulco, Mexico, Distances to Pacific Coast ports 106 

Addition of fractions 15 

Addition, To rapidly compute board feet contents by 22 

Airplane lumber, Douglas Fir 5 

Airplane lumber, Port Orford Cedar 87 

Airplane lumber, Western or Sitka Spruce 80 

Annular rings, Index of durability, density, decay 35 

Annular rings, To determine strength by 34 

Areas, Metric equivalents 63 

Astoria, Distances to Columbia and Willamette River ports 106 

Astoria, Distances to Pacific Coast ports 106 

Australia, Currency 90 

Australia, Duties on lumber entering 90 

Australia, Weights and measures 90 

Average contents of logs 37 

B 

Ballast tanks, Pointers on filling 99 

Ballast water, Amount required for steamers carrying lumber 97 

Barrels, To compute capacity of 95 

Bermuda, Duties on lumber entering 91 

Big trees of California 72 

Bills of Lading, To compute lumber shipments in pounds, shillings, pence . . 100 

Board feet, To convert to lineal feet 18 

Board measure, Examples 13 

Board measure, How to compute 13 

Board measure, Logs 33 

Board measure, Short method's for computing 14 

Board measure, Standard sizes and their multiples 14 

Board measure, Table giving contents in feet and twelfths 30 

Board measure, Explanation and pointers for using table 31 

Boards, tapering, To compute contents 20 

Bordeaux, France, Distances to world ports 107 

Brereton, Advantages and uses of solid log table 33 

Brereton, Solid log table 38 

Brest, France, Distances to world ports 107 

British and European standard measurements of lumber 25 

British Columbia, Distances between Inland ports and Puget Sound 104 

British Columbia, Log grades 46 

British Columbia, Log scale, construction of 46 

British Columbia, Log Table 47 

Buenos Aires, Distances to world ports 107 

c 

Callao, Peru, Distances to world ports 108 

Capacities, Metric equivalents 63 

Capacity of steamers, To compute lumber carrying 96 

Cargo shipments, Douglas Fir and how to handle same 96 

Cargo shipments, Hemlock, Pointers for shippers 83 

Cargo shipments, Paper, cubic stowage, weights, stability 98 

Cargo shipments, Redwood, Pointers on stowage 76 

Cargo stowage, To compute lumber carrying capacity 96 

Cargo tonnage, measurements and explanation 95 

Carrying capacity, Effect of creosated lumber on 34 

Carrying capacity of steamers under deck, To compute ; . 95 

Car shipments, To compute approximate capacity of lumber and shingles .... 26 

Cedar, Port Orford, Description, use, shipping ports g7 

Cedar, Western Red, Description and uses 84 

Cedar shingles in 1000 feet log scale 34 

Cedar shingles, Equivalent in 1000 board feet 54 



130 INDEX 

Ceylon, Duties on lumber entering 91 

China, Duties on lumber entering 92 

Circumference, To compute contents of logs by 43 

Cisterns, To compute capacity . .' 95 

Coal, Bunker, To compute amount for voyage 97 

Colon, C. Z., Distances to world ports 108 

Compass, To make a watch answer for one 101 

Contents of lumber, short rules for computing 17 

Cord, British measure 26 

Cord, Metric equivalent 11 

Cordwood, Hemlock bark in cord 11 

Cordwood, Relation between board, cubic and cord measure 11 

Creosoted lumber, Effect on cargo carrying capacity 34 

Cubic measures of fresh and salt water 94 

Cubic stowage, To compute lumber carrying capacity of steamers 96 

Currency, Australian 90 

Currency, English, How to compute and convert 100 

D 

Deadweight, capacity and stowage of paper 99 

Deadweight, steamers lumber carrying capacity, to compute 97 

Deadweight tonnage, explanation 96 

Deals, British measure 25-26 

Deckload of lumber that can be carried with hold full of paper — see 'stability 99 

Deckloads, pointers on capacity and height 97 

Diameter, growth of trees 35 

Diameter of log necessary to make timbers — Table 44 

Differential table, comparison of actual contents of logs with that of leading 

log scales 36 

Displacement tonnage, explanation 95 

Distances between ports, Benefit of table 102 

Distances between ports — 

Acapulco to Pacific coast ports 106 

Astoria to Columbia river ports 106 

Astoria to Pacific coast ports 106 

Bordeaux, France to world ports 107 

Brest, France to world ports 107 

British Columbia, Inland waters and Puget Sound 104 

Buenos Aires, to world ports 107 

Callao, Peru, to world ports 108 

Colon, C. Z. to world ports 108 

Columbia and Willamette river sawmill ports to Astoria 106 

Eureke, to Pacific coast ports 110 

Gibraltar, to world ports 110 

Grays Harbor to Pacific coast ports Ill 

Honolulu to world ports 112 

Iquique to Chilean ports 113 

Liverpool, England to world ports 113 

London, England to world ports 115 

Los Angeles Harbor (San Pedro) to world ports 115 

Manila, to world ports 116 

Newport News, Va., to world ports 116 

Norfolk, Va., to world ports 117 

Paita, Peru., to Pacific coast ports 118 

Panama, C. Z. to world ports 119 

Port Townsend, to world ports 121 

Puget Sound, Inland waters and British Columbia 104 

San Diego, Cal., to Pacific coast ports 124 

San Francisco to Domestic, Mexican and B. C. ports and coast points.... 128 

San Francisco to world ports *. 124 

Willapa Harbor to Pacific coast ports 128 



INDEX 131 

Division of mixed fractions 17 

Doug-las Fir, Correct and various names 5 

Douglas Fir, Description, merits and uses / 5 

Douglas Fir Grading rules, How to obtain same 69 

Douglas Fir, Range 5 

Douglas Fir, Strength table 7 

Doyle log rule, construction of 45 

Draft, ships, table for converting metric equivalents 66 

Draft, ships, to compute and convert English & Metric 66 

Draft, ships, to compute differences of immersion 94 

Durability of wood, scientific investigations 35 

Duties on lumber entering — 

Australia , 90 

Bermuda 91 

British India 91 

British South Africa 91 

Ceylon 91 

China 92 

Fiji Islands , 92 

France 92 

Jamaica 93 

Japan 93 

New Zealand . . 93 

Peru 93 

Trinidad and Tobago 93 

United States 93 

E 

Eureka, Distances to Pacific coast ports 110 

Export, Douglas Fir, pointers on handling cargo shipments 96 

Export, Douglas Fir grading rules, how to obtain same 69 

Export, Hemlock, pointers on handling cargo shipments 83 

Export, Inspection 69 

Export lumber for Italian market 68 

Export lumber trade of the United States and commendation of Pacific 

Coast tally and inspection 70 

Export, Redwood, pointers on handling cargo shipments 76 

Export, shipments, to compute freight in pounds shillings, pence for Bill 

of Lading purposes 100 

Export shipments, to compute metric weights of lumber 64 

F 

Fathom, nautical measure 94 

Fathom of lathwood (British measure) cubic feet in 25-26 

Feet to meters, conversion table 67 

Fiji Islands, Duties on lumber entering 92 

Fir, Douglas 5 

Fir, Grand 88 

Fir Noble, Description, uses, quality 88 

Fir White, Description and uses 89 

Fir White, Use for pulpwood 8^ 

Fractional sizes, To compute 15 

Fractions, Addition, short methods 15 

Fractions Division of mixed numbers 17 

Fractions Multiplication, short methods 16 

France, Duties on lumber entering 92 

Freight measurements (British) .' 26 

Freight on laths, to compute 9 

Freight to compute in pounds, shillings, pence 100 

Frustum of a cone, To compute contents 42 



132 INDEX 

G 

Gibraltar, Distances to be world ports 110 

Grades, Italian lumber 68 

Grades, Redwood 77 

Grading rules. Douglas Fir. How to obtain them 69 

Grand, Fir 88 

Grays Harbor, Distances to Pacific coast ports Ill 

Gross tonnage, Explanation 96 

Growth, Annular rings 34 

Growth of trees 34 

Growth of trees, Diameter 35 

Growth, old logs, explanation 35 

H 

Hemlock, bark, amount in cord 11 

Hemlock, kiln drying 83 

Hemlock, merits and uses 82 

Hemlock, pointers for cargo shippers 83 

Hemlock, strength table 7 

Hemlock, use for pulpwood • • • • 82 

Hemlock, weight 83 

Honolulu, Distances to world ports 112 

I 

Inches to millimeters, conversion table 66 

India, British, Duties on lumber entering 91 

Inspection of Douglas Fir 69 

Iquique, Distances to Chilean ports 113 

Italian lumber market, general information 68 

Italian lumber market, metric measurements used 68 



Jamaica, Duties on lumber entering 
Japan, Duties on lumber entering . 



J 



K 



Kilogram, Metric comparison table 64 

Kilometers to U. S. Miles, conversion table 67 

Kilometers to nautical miles, conversion table 67 

Knots and how they are classified 45 

Knots, nautical measure 94 

L 

Larch, Western, Description, uses, durability 87 

Larch, Western, strength table 7 

Laths, Contents, weights, measurement's 9 

Laths, To compute freight on 9 

Laths, To estimate number required for a room 9 

Laths, Redwood 76 

Lengths, Metric equivalents 63 

Lengths, Metric, how to cut for French orders 65 

Lengths, Metric units of 59 

Lengths, To compute average 32 

Lineal feet, To convert to board feet 18 

Liverpool, England, Distances to world ports 113 

Load of squared timbers (British Measure) cubic feet in 26 

Load of unhewn timbers (British Measure) cubic feet in 26 



INDEX 133 

Log rule, British Columbia, construction of 46 

Log rule, Doyle, construction of 45 

Log rule, Scribner, construction of 54 

Log rule, Spaulding, construction of 58 

Log scales, Table comparing differences between actual contents and Pacific 

Coast log scales, also showing allowances for saw kerf and slabs 3f> 

Log table, advantages of Brereton solid log contents 33 

Log table, Brereton solid log or actual contents 38 

Log table British Columbia 47 

Log table Scribner 50 

Log table Spaulding 55 

Logs, average contents 37 

Logs, board measurement 33 

Logs, grades, British Columbia 46 

Logs, grading and scaling rules, Spaulding 58 

Logs, to compute contents by circumference 43 

Logs, to compute contents by diameter 42 

Logs, to compute diameter necessary to make square timbers 44 

Logs, to compute inscribed square 44 

Logs, old growth — explanation 35 

Logs, weight of Douglas Fir 34 

London, England — Distances to world ports 115 

Longitude and time, to compute 101 

Los Angeles Harbor (San Pedro) to world ports 115 

Lumber shipments, to compute in English money 100 

M 

Manila, to world ports 116 

Measures, nautical 94 

Merits and uses of Douglas Fir 5 

Meters to feet, conversion table 67 

Metric, area — its uses 60 

Metric comparison scale, diagrams 60-62 

Metric equivalents, area 63 

Metric equivalents, capacities 63 

Metric equivalents, lengths 63 

Metric equivalents, masses 63-64 

Metric equivalents, volumes 63 

Metric measurements used in Italian market 68 

Metric system, synopsis 59 

Metric units of capacity 61 

Metric units of length 59 

Metric units of weight 62 

Metric volume and its uses " . . . . 60 

Miles nautical, comparison of European 94 

Miles nautical to Kilometers — conversion table 67 

Miles U. S. to Kilometers — conversion table 67 

Millimeters to inches — conversion table 66 

Multiplication of mixed fractions 16 

Multiplication, short methods 15 

N 

Nautical measures 94 

Nautical miles to Kilometers — conversion table 67 

Net tonnage, explanation 96 

Newport News, Va., Distances to world ports ! 116 

New Zealand, Duties on lumber entering 93 

Noble Fir, Description, uses quality 88 

Norfolk, Va., Distances to world ports 117 



134 INDEX 



Octagon spars, Explanation of table and diagram for making same ..... 28 

Octagon spars, How to manufacture out of square timbers 27 

Octagon spars, Table for making octagons out of square timbers 29 

Octagon spars, tapering, to compute contents 29 

Octagon spars, to compute contents 27 

Oregon Pine, see Douglas Fir, the correct name 5 

P 

Pacific Lumber Inspection Bureau, copy of certificate . . 70 

Pacific Lumber Inspection Bureau, general information 69-70 

Paita, Peru, distances to Pacific Coast ports 118 

Panama Canal, length in statute and nautical miles 102 

Panama C. Z. distances to world ports 119 

Paper, cargo shipments in conjunction with Douglas Fir and Redwood 98 

Paper rolls, dimensions 98 

Paper for export, cubic stowage per ton 99 

Paper rolls, how to dunnage and stow in ships hold 98 

Paper rolls, short stowage (lumber) required 99 

Paper rolls under deck and proportion of deckload of lumber, see stability. . 99 

Paper rolls, weights 98 

Percentages, how to decrease or increase specifications 24 

Peru, duties on lumber entering . . . . 93 

Pickets, contents, grade, measurements, weight 10 

Piling and poles, weight of creosoted Douglas Fir 34 

Pine, strength table 7 

Polygon, To compute area 29 

Polygon, To compute contents of lumber 3 to 12 even sides 29 

Port Orford cedar, description, uses and shipping ports 87 

Port Townsend, distances to world ports 121 

Pounds, metric comparison table 64 

Pounds, shillings, pence, to compute and convert to U. S. Money ,...,., 100 

Puget Sound, distances between inland waters and B. C 104 

Pulpwood, burned over timber for 12 

Pulpwood, Hemlock 82 

Pulpwood, how it is made 12 

Pulpwood in a cord 11 

Pulpwood, use of White Fir 89 

R 

Redwood, California Redwood Association 78 

Redwood-, car material 74 

Redwood, durability and quality - 74 

Redwood, export — pointers for cargo 'shippers 76 

Redwood, general description 71 

Redwood, grades 77 

Redwood, illustration of giant tree 73 

Redwood, lath „ 76 

Redwood, shingles 75 

Redwood, strength 76 

Redwood, strength table 7 

Redwood, ties, durability 75 

Redwood weight for export shipment 76 

Riga "Last" board feet contents of 25 

Roof, how to build shingle 85 

Roof pitches, diagram and explanation 86 

Roof, shingles required 84-85 

Round timber, to compute contents 42 



INDEX 135 

s 

San Diego, Cal., distances to Pacific Coast ports 124 

San Francisco, distances to Domestic, Mexican and British Columbia Coast 

ports and coast points 128 

San Francisco, distances to world ports 124 

San Pedro (Los Angeles Harbor) distances to world ports 115 

Sawing timbers, correct method 43 

Scribner log rule, construction of 54 

Scribner log table 50 

Shingles, box car capacity, to compute 84 

Shingles, cubic stowage 84 

Shingles, estimate for a roof 84 

Shingles in 1000 ft. log scale 84 

Shingles, Redwood 75 

Shingles, weight of Cedar 84 

Short rules for computing contents of lumber 17 

Short rules for computing contents of timbers 18-19 

Short rules for computing specifications 23 

South Africa — "British" Duties on lumber entering 91 

Spaulding, log grading and scaling rule 58 

Spaulding log rule, construction of 5t 

Spaulding log table 55 

Specifications, examples and short methods for computing 23 

Specifications, metric, to compute 65 

Specific gravity, explanation and methods for computing 8 

Spruce Western for airplanes 80 

Spruce Western, illustration of tree 81 

Spruce Western, merits and uses 79 

Spruce Western, pointers on surfacing 79 

Stack "British Measure, cubic feet in 26 

Standards, cubic feet in the Christiana, Drammen Drontheim, Irish, London, 

Petersburg, Quebec, Wyburg 25 

Standards, composition of and methods for computing same 25 

Staves, Douglas Fir, export grade , . . 9 

Sterling money, to compute lumber shipments in pounds, shillings, pence . . 100 

Sterling money to convert to dollars and cents 100 

Stowage Douglas Fir cargo shipments 96 

Stowage Hemlock cargo shipments 83 

Stowage, Paper for export 98 

Stowage Redwood cargo shipments , 76 

Stowage Shingles, cubic 84 

Stowage, To compute lumber carrying capacity of steamers 96 

Strength, table of camparisons, Douglas Fir, Hemlock Larch, Pine, Redwood 

Tamarack 7 

Supervisors of Pacific Lumber Inspection Bureau . . 69 

T 

Tamarack, strength table 7 

Tanks, to compute capacity 95 

Tapering boards, to compute contents 20 

Tapering octagons, to compute contents 29 

Tapering round timber, to compute contents 42 

Tapering square timber, to compute contents 21 

Taper of Douglas Fir logs 36-37 

Ties creosoted, weight of Douglas Fir 34 

Ties, durability of various species 75 

Ties, metric measurements used in Italy 68 

Ties, Redwood, durability 75 



136 INDEX 

Timbers, correct method of sawing 43 

Timber measurements as used in England 25-26 

Timbers, short methods for computing contents 18-19 

Timbers, tapering, to compute contents 21 

Timbers, to compute diameter of log to make a square timber 44 

Time and longitude, to compute 101 

Time, benefit of table of difference 102 

Time occupied on voyage, to compute 1D2 

Time table, difference between Pacific Coast and countries of the world .... 103 

Ton deadweight for British cargo vessels 33 

Tons, fresh water weights and measures 94 

Tons, metric comparison table 64 

Tons salt water weights and measures 94 

Tons shipping "British measure" cubic feet in 26 

Ton weight British measure for softwood and hardwood, cubic feet in 26 

Tonnage, Deadweight, explanation 96 

Tonnage, Displacement, explanation 95 

Tonnage, Gross, explanation ; 96 

Tonnage, Net, explanation 96 

Tonnage units, explanation 95 

Trees, growth, diameter 35 

Trees, growth, height 34 

Trinidad and Tobago, Duties on lumber entering 93 

u 

United States, Duties on lumber entering 93 

Units of capacity, metric 61 

Units of length, metric 59 

Units of lumber measures, metric 64 

Units of weight, metric 62 

V 

Vessel tonnage, explanation 95 

Volumes, metric 60 

w 

Water, fresh and salt, weights and measures 94 

Weight, Douglas Fir, creosoted piling and poles 34 

Weight, Douglas Fir creosoted ties 34 

Weight, Douglas Fir, to compute 8 

Weight, Hemlock 83 

Weight, Laths * 

Weight, Logs, Douglas Fir 34 

Weight, Masses, metric equivalents 63 

Weight, of lumber, metric 64 

Weight Pickets 10 

Weights, and measures, Australian 90 

Weights and measures Paper rolls for export 98 

Weights and measures, water, fresh and salt 94 

Weights, metric equivalents 63-64 

Weights Redwood for cargo shipments 76 

Weights Shingles, Red Cedar 84 

Weights Staves 9 

White Fir, Description and uses , 89 

Widths, to compute average 32 

Willapa Harbor, Distances to Pacific Coast ports 128 






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